What is McCarthyism? And how did it happen? - Ellen Schrecker

3,874,087 views ・ 2017-03-14

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Jin Wang 校对人员: Tianji (Homer) Li
00:06
Imagine that one day, you're summoned before a government panel.
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假设某日,你被政府部门传唤。
00:10
Even though you haven't committed any crime,
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尽管你并没有犯罪,
00:13
or been formally charged with one,
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也没有被起诉,
00:15
you are repeatedly questioned about your political views,
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但你却被反复质问 你的政治观点,
00:19
accused of disloyalty,
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并被指责不忠诚,
00:21
and asked to incriminate your friends and associates.
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并要求你指控你的同事朋友。
00:25
If you don't cooperate, you risk jail or losing your job.
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如果你不配合,你将失去工作, 或者锒铛入狱。
00:30
This is exactly what happened in the United States in the 1950s
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以上正是美国上世纪 50年代发生的事,
00:35
as part of a campaign to expose suspected communists.
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作为找出潜在共产主义者 活动的一部分。
00:40
Named after its most notorious practitioner,
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以其最臭名昭著的实施者 麦卡锡命名,
00:42
the phenomenon known as McCarthyism destroyed thousands of lives and careers.
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麦卡锡主义毁灭了 数以千计人民的生活和事业。
00:49
For over a decade, American political leaders trampled democratic freedoms
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美国政客在十年内 以保护民主自由的名义,
00:54
in the name of protecting them.
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践踏着民主自由。
00:57
During the 1930s and 1940s,
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在上世纪30年代至40年代,
00:59
there had been an active but small communist party in the United States.
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美国曾活跃过 一小规模的共产党组织。
01:04
Its record was mixed.
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其评价好坏参半。
01:06
While it played crucial roles in wider progressive struggles
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一方面,共产党在劳动、 民权进步斗争中
01:09
for labor and civil rights,
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扮演着关键的角色,
01:11
it also supported the Soviet Union.
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另一方面,它支持苏联政府。
01:14
From the start, the American Communist Party faced attacks
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从一开始,美国共产党面对着
01:18
from conservatives and business leaders,
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来自保守派和商业巨头的打击,
01:20
as well as from liberals who criticized its ties to the oppressive Soviet regime.
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传统左派还指责美共外通苏联政权。
01:26
During World War II, when the USA and USSR were allied against Hitler,
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在二战中,美国和苏联 结盟对抗希特勒期间,
01:30
some American communists actually spied for the Russians.
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曾有美国共产主义者为俄国人做间谍。
01:35
When the Cold War escalated and this espionage became known,
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当冷战升级,间谍活动被曝光,
01:38
domestic communism came to be seen as a threat to national security.
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美国国内的共产主义 被视为国家安全的威胁。
01:43
But the attempt to eliminate that threat
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然而试图消除这些威胁的尝试
01:45
soon turned into the longest lasting and most widespread episode
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立马转变为在美国历史上政治镇压
01:49
of political repression in American history.
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持续时间最长以及最为世界所知的事件。
01:52
Spurred on by a network of bureaucrats,
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由于一系列的官僚,
01:54
politicians,
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政治家,
01:55
journalists,
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记者,
01:56
and businessmen,
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商人的驱使,
01:58
the campaign wildly exaggerated the danger of communist subversion.
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共产主义者颠覆政权的 危险被极度夸大。
02:03
The people behind it harassed anyone
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事件策划者侵扰着任何可能
02:05
suspected of holding left-of-center political views
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持有中左翼政治观点的人
02:08
or associating with those who did.
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以及有牵连的人士。
02:11
If you hung modern art on your walls,
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如果你在家里挂现代艺术作品,
02:14
had a multiracial social circle,
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有一个多种族的社交圈,
02:16
or signed petitions against nuclear weapons,
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或是签署了反对 核武器的请愿书,
02:19
you might just have been a communist.
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那么你就可能被认为 是共产主义者。
02:21
Starting in the late 1940s,
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从上世纪40年代后期
02:23
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
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时任美国联邦调查局局长的 J.埃德加·胡佛
02:26
used the resources of his agency to hunt down such supposed communists
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利用调查局资源抓捕了 上述的共产主义者
02:30
and eliminate them from any position of influence
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并且根除了这些共产党员 在美国人中
02:33
within American society.
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可能产生的任何影响。
02:36
And the narrow criteria that Hoover and his allies used
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此外,胡佛局长及其的同僚用于
02:39
to screen federal employees
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监视联邦政府职员的严苛标准
02:41
spread to the rest of the country.
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扩散到了国内其他领域。
02:44
Soon, Hollywood studios,
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很快,好莱坞,
02:45
universities,
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大学,
02:46
car manufacturers,
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汽车制造商,
02:48
and thousands of other public and private employers
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以及数以千计的 政府领导,企业家
02:51
were imposing the same political tests on the men and women who worked for them.
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都对其下无论男女员工, 进行了相同的政治测试。
02:57
Meanwhile, Congress conducted its own witchhunt
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与此同时,国会也 开始了内部政治审查
03:00
subpoenaing hundreds of people to testify before investigative bodies
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在调查局开始前传唤了 上百名职员进行测验
03:04
like the House Un-American Activities Committee.
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就像众议院非美活动 调查委员会做的一样执行。
03:08
If they refused to cooperate, they could be jailed for contempt,
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如果被调查者拒绝合作, 他们将可能因蔑视罪名入狱,
03:12
or more commonly, fired and blacklisted.
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更加常见的情况是 被解雇并拉入黑名单。
03:16
Ambitious politicians, like Richard Nixon
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像理查德·尼克松
03:18
and Joseph McCarthy,
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和约瑟夫·麦卡锡这样的 野心政治家,
03:20
used such hearings as a partisan weapon
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利用这样的听证会 作为坚固政党的武器
03:23
accusing democrats of being soft on communism
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来制裁对于共产主义 手软的民主党人,
03:26
and deliberately losing China to the Communist Bloc.
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并指控民主党蓄意将中国 推向共产主义集团。
03:30
McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin
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来自威斯康星州的共和党议员麦卡锡
03:33
became notorious by flaunting ever-changing lists of alleged communists
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在美国政府内因炫耀不断 增加的所谓共产主义者名单
03:38
within the State Department.
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而臭名昭著。
03:41
Egged on by other politicians,
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来自于其他政治家的怂恿,
03:43
he continued to make outrageous accusations
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麦卡锡歪曲事实捏造证据
03:45
while distorting or fabricating evidence.
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不断作出令人震惊的指控。
03:49
Many citizens reviled McCarthy while others praised him.
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在有不少民众斥责麦卡锡的同时, 也有人称赞其行为。
03:53
And when the Korean War broke out, McCarthy seemed vindicated.
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朝鲜战争爆发之时,麦卡锡的 所作所为似乎被证明是正确的。
03:57
Once he became chair
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麦卡锡在1953年成为
03:59
of the Senate's permanent subcommittee on investigations in 1953,
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参议院常设调查委员会主席之后,
04:04
McCarthy recklessness increased.
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其行为更加肆无忌惮。
04:06
It was his investigation of the army that finally turned public opinion against him
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麦卡锡对于军队的调查最终 使得公众舆论的矛头指向他,
04:12
and diminished his power.
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他的权力也因此削减
04:15
McCarthy's colleagues in the Senate censured him
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麦卡锡受到了来自 参议院同事的谴责,
04:17
and he died less than three years later, probably from alcoholism.
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此后不到三年, 他或因酗酒而死亡。
04:22
McCarthyism ended as well.
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麦卡锡主义也就此终结。
04:24
It had ruined hundreds, if not thousands, of lives
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麦卡锡主义伤害了 上百甚至上千的人的生活,
04:27
and drastically narrowed the American political spectrum.
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并且巨大地伤害了美国政治。
04:32
Its damage to democratic institutions would be long lasting.
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而其对于民主机构的 伤害是长远的。
04:35
In all likelihood, there were both Democrats and Republicans
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当时,民主党人和 共和党人多半了解
04:39
who knew that the anti-communist purges were deeply unjust
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反共主义清除异己 活动是非正义的,
04:43
but feared that directly opposing them would hurt their careers.
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然而担心正面对抗会伤及 自己的职业而不敢发声。
04:48
Even the Supreme Court failed to stop the witchhunt,
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即便是最高法院也无法遏制迫害,
04:51
condoning serious violations of constitutional rights
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以保护国家安全的名义
04:54
in the name of national security.
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赦免了严重违反 宪法权利的行为。
04:57
Was domestic communism an actual threat to the American government?
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对于美国政府来说, 国内的共产主义真的是威胁吗?
05:01
Perhaps, though a small one.
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或许,有那么一丁点儿威胁。
05:03
But the reaction to it was so extreme that it caused far more damage
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然而事件结果如此极端, 其造成的损失
05:08
than the threat itself.
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已超过其可能的威胁。
05:10
And if new demagogues appeared in uncertain times
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如果未来有新的煽动者出现
05:13
to attack unpopular minorities in the name of patriotism,
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并以爱国主义的名义去 攻击非主流少数群体,
05:17
could it all happen again?
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像麦卡锡主义这样的事情 还会再次发生吗?
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