Ethical dilemma: Should we get rid of mosquitoes? - Talya Hackett

1,105,517 views ・ 2023-01-31

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milena Petrovic Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:07
Because of the pathogens they carry,
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Zbog patogena koje nose,
00:09
mosquitoes are responsible for more human deaths every year than any other animal,
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komarci su odgovorni za više ljudskih smrti godišnje nego bilo koja životinja,
00:14
including other humans.
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uključujući i druge ljude.
00:17
But very few of the 3,500 mosquito species
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Ali samo nekoliko od 3 500 vrsta komaraca
00:20
actually transmit deadly diseases to humans.
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zapravo prenose smrtonosne bolesti na ljude.
00:23
So what if we could get rid of the most lethal mosquitoes?
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Šta ako bismo mogli da se rešimo najsmrtonosnijih komaraca?
00:27
Over the last two decades,
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Tokom poslednje dve decenije,
00:29
scientists have begun conducting experiments using engineered technologies
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naučnici su počeli da sprovode oglede koristeći inženjersku tehnologiju
00:34
called “gene drives” that could theoretically do just that.
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nazvanu „genski pogoni” koja bi mogla teoretski da uradi baš to.
00:39
So, should we?
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Pa, da li bismo trebali?
00:41
To begin grappling with this question,
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Uhvatiti se u koštac sa ovim pitanjem
00:43
we have to get a sense of how the technology works.
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zahteva razumevanje kako ova tehnologija radi.
00:47
In the usual process of inheritance,
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U običajenom procesu nasleđivanja,
00:49
the genomes of each parent recombine randomly.
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genomi oba roditelja se nasumično kombinuju.
00:53
So their offspring end up with the DNA that’s a rough 50/50 mix
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Tako da njihovi potomci dobiju DNK koja je otprilike 50/50 mešavina
00:57
from their parents.
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njihovih roditelja.
00:59
But gene drives thwart this process and ensure they're passed on.
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Ali genski pogoni ometaju ovaj proces i omogućavaju njihovo dalje prenošenje.
01:04
Gene drives are found in nature but,
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Genski pogoni se nalaze u prirodi, ali,
01:07
using new gene-editing technology,
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koristeći tehnologiju za redigovanje gena,
01:09
scientists have also begun engineering them in contained labs.
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naučnici su takođe počeli da ih prave u zatvorenim laboratorijama.
01:13
For example, in a 2018 study,
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Na primer, u studiji iz 2018,
01:16
researchers injected a gene drive into mosquito eggs
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istraživači su ubrizgali genski pogon u jajašca komarca
01:20
that made females sterile when they had two copies of the modified gene.
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što je učinilo ženke sterilnim kada su imale dve kopije modifikovanog gena.
01:25
Such a modification would usually disappear quickly.
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Takva modifikacija bi obično nestala brzo.
01:28
But it spread.
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Međutim, proširila se.
01:30
The modified mosquitoes passed the gene drive onto some of their offspring.
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Modifikovani komarci su preneli genski pogon na neke od svojih potomaka.
01:35
The gene drive, which they inherited on one chromosome,
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Genski pogon, koji su nasledili na jednom hromozomu,
01:38
copied itself onto the other chromosome in the offspring’s sperm and egg cells,
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iskopirao se na drugom hromozomu u spermi i jajnim ćelijama potomka,
01:42
ensuring it was passed on to their offspring,
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omogućujući prenošenje na njihovo potomstvo,
01:45
regardless of which chromosome they received.
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bez obzira na to koji su hromozom primili.
01:48
This process repeated as all males that carried the gene
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Ovaj proces se ponovio tako što su svi mužjaci koji su nosili gen
01:51
and all females that had one copy of it, continued reproducing,
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i sve ženke koje su imale jednu kopiju, nastavili da se razmnožavaju,
01:55
spreading the gene drive.
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prenoseći genski pogon.
01:57
As they did, they produced more females that had two copies of the gene—
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Uradivši to, proizveli su više ženki koje su imale dve kopije gena—
02:01
and would therefore sterile.
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i stoga bile sterilne.
02:03
With a near 100% inheritance rate, the gene spread through the population
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Sa skoro 100% stopom nasleđivanja, gen se prenosio kroz populaciju
02:09
and within 12 generations almost all females were sterile,
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i za 12 generacija skoro sve ženke su bile sterilne,
02:13
and the populations crashed.
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i populacija je opala.
02:16
In 2020, the same team achieved a similar result
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Godine 2020, isti tim je došao do sličnog rezultata
02:20
with a gene drive that made populations male-only.
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sa genskim pogonom koji je stvorio samo populaciju mužjaka.
02:24
Gene drives have proven powerful in the lab.
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Genski pogoni su se pokazali moćnim u laboratoriji.
02:27
So, implementing them in the wild is a big decision—
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Dakle, njihovo implementiranje u divljini je velika odluka—
02:30
one that’s being considered because of how the fight
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ona koja se razmatra zbog toga kako se borba
02:32
against mosquito-borne diseases is going.
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protiv bolesti koje prenose komaraci odvija.
02:36
Existing mosquito control measures, like insecticide-treated bed nets,
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Postojeće mere za suzbijanje komaraca, poput mreža tretiranih insekticidom,
02:40
helped reduce the number of deaths from malaria,
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pomogle su smanjenju broja smrti od malarije,
02:43
the deadliest mosquito-borne disease, between 2000 and 2019.
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najsmrtonosnije bolesti koju prenose komarci, između 2000. i 2019.
02:48
But fatalities have begun rising again.
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Međutim, broj žrtava je počeo ponovo da raste.
02:51
Many mosquitoes have developed insecticide resistance—
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Mnogo komaraca je razvilo otpornost na insekticide—
02:54
and insecticides kill more than just mosquitoes.
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i insekticidi ne ubijaju samo komarce.
02:58
In addition to the first-ever malaria vaccine,
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Pored prve vakcine protiv malarije,
03:00
approved in October of 2021,
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odobrene u oktobru 2021,
03:03
many see promise in gene drives.
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mnogi vide spas u genskim pogonima.
03:05
Experts are researching what it would look like to specifically target
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Stručnjaci izučavaju kako bi izgledalo da ciljaju posebno
03:09
the deadliest mosquito populations with this technology.
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najsmrtonosniju populaciju komaraca ovom tehnologijom.
03:12
Like Anopheles gambiae, for instance:
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Kao što je, na primer, gambijski malarični komarac:
03:15
the species overwhelmingly responsible for spreading malaria in Equatorial Africa,
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ova vrsta je u velikoj meri odgovorna za širenje malarije u Ekvatorijalnoj Africi,
03:20
which experiences the vast majority of mosquito-related fatalities.
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u kojoj je velika većina smrtnih slučajeva povezana sa komarcima.
03:24
The idea is that, when a gene-drive-affected population
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Ideja je sledeća, kada pod uticajem genskog pogona populacija
03:27
of Anopheles gambiae drops low enough,
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gambijskog malaričnog komarca opadne,
03:30
it would break the malaria transmission cycle.
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to bi prekinulo ciklus prenošenja malarije.
03:33
But before gene drive mosquitoes are actually released into the wild,
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Međutim, pre puštanja komaraca sa genskim pogonom u divljinu
03:37
some big questions need answers.
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treba odgovoriti na neka velika pitanja.
03:39
Like, could gene drives cross into and cause the collapse of non-target species?
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Kao, da li se genski pogoni mogu preneti i izazvati kolaps neciljanih vrsta?
03:45
It doesn’t seem that many mosquito species interbreed,
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Izgleda da se mnoge vrste komaraca međusobno ne ukrštaju,
03:48
making this unlikely,
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čineći ovo malo verovatnim,
03:50
but scientists are conducting research to be certain.
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ali naučnici sprovode istraživanje da bi bili sigurni.
03:53
And how might a mosquito population’s collapse affect ecosystems?
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Kao i kako bi krah populacije komaraca mogao da utiče na ekosisteme?
03:58
One team is examining the feces and stomach contents
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Jedan tim ispituje sadržaj izmeta i želuca
04:01
of insectivores in Ghana to gauge the role of Anopheles gambiae in local food webs.
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bubojeda u Gani da izmeri ulogu gambijskog komaraca u lokalnim mrežama hrane.
04:07
And researchers are investigating
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Istraživači ispituju
04:08
whether suppressing populations could make other insects more vulnerable
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i da li bi suzbijanje populacija moglo učiniti ostale insekte ranjivijim
04:12
or leave a niche open that a harmful species could occupy.
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ili ostaviti utočište koje bi štetna vrsta mogla da nastani.
04:16
Scientists are also exploring alternatives to population collapse,
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Naučnici takođe istražuju mogućnosti u slučaju kraha populacije,
04:20
like gene drives that instead make mosquitoes resistant
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poput genskih pogona koji umesto toga čine komarace otpornim
04:24
to the malaria parasite.
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na parazite malarije.
04:25
And others are developing countermeasures to reverse
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A drugi razvijaju kontramere da preokrenu
04:28
the effects of gene drives if needed.
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efekte genskih pogona u slučaju nužde.
04:31
Meanwhile, some people have called for gene drive research to halt
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U međuvremenu, neki ljudi su zatržili da se zaustavi istraživanje genskih pogona
04:35
out of concern for the possible consequences.
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zbog zabrinutosti od mogućih posledica.
04:38
This raises another question: who should decide whether to release gene drives?
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Ovo dovodi do novog pitanja: ko treba da odluči da li osloboditi genske pogone?
04:43
It’s essential that communities, scientists, regulators,
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Važno je da zajednice, naučnici, regulatori
04:46
and governments of the countries most affected by mosquito-borne diseases
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i vlade država koje su najviše pogođene bolestima koje prenose komarci
04:50
be highly involved in the research and decision-making processes.
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budu veoma uključeni u istraživanja i donošenje odluka.
04:55
Conversations are currently underway at all levels
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Razgovori su trenutno u toku na svim nivoima
04:57
to establish a system to manage this new area of research—
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za uspostavljanje sistema koji upravlja ovom novom oblasti istraživanja—
05:01
and the ethical questions it carries.
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i etičkih pitanja koja ona nosi.
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