Ethical dilemma: Should we get rid of mosquitoes? - Talya Hackett

1,112,263 views ใƒป 2023-01-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
Because of the pathogens they carry,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
00:09
mosquitoes are responsible for more human deaths every year than any other animal,
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
00:14
including other humans.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:17
But very few of the 3,500 mosquito species
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืž 3500 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
00:20
actually transmit deadly diseases to humans.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
00:23
So what if we could get rid of the most lethal mosquitoes?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื?
00:27
Over the last two decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:29
scientists have begun conducting experiments using engineered technologies
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช
00:34
called โ€œgene drivesโ€ that could theoretically do just that.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช โ€œืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ืโ€ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
00:39
So, should we?
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
00:41
To begin grappling with this question,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:43
we have to get a sense of how the technology works.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
00:47
In the usual process of inheritance,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”,
00:49
the genomes of each parent recombine randomly.
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
00:53
So their offspring end up with the DNA thatโ€™s a rough 50/50 mix
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ืื– ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื DNA ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 50/50
00:57
from their parents.
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ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:59
But gene drives thwart this process and ensure they're passed on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื•.
01:04
Gene drives are found in nature but,
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ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืื‘ืœ,
01:07
using new gene-editing technology,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:09
scientists have also begun engineering them in contained labs.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื’ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืœื•ืช.
01:13
For example, in a 2018 study,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืž 2018,
01:16
researchers injected a gene drive into mosquito eggs
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื• ืžื ื™ืข ื’ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
01:20
that made females sterile when they had two copies of the modified gene.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ.
01:25
Such a modification would usually disappear quickly.
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:28
But it spread.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
01:30
The modified mosquitoes passed the gene drive onto some of their offspring.
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:35
The gene drive, which they inherited on one chromosome,
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ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืื—ื“,
01:38
copied itself onto the other chromosome in the offspringโ€™s sperm and egg cells,
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ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืจืข ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื•ืชืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
01:42
ensuring it was passed on to their offspring,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:45
regardless of which chromosome they received.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•.
01:48
This process repeated as all males that carried the gene
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื
01:51
and all females that had one copy of it, continued reproducing,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:55
spreading the gene drive.
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
01:57
As they did, they produced more females that had two copies of the geneโ€”
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ --
02:01
and would therefore sterile.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:03
With a near 100% inheritance rate, the gene spread through the population
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ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100%, ื”ื’ืŸ ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
02:09
and within 12 generations almost all females were sterile,
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ื•ืชื•ืš 12 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:13
and the populations crashed.
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืชืจืกืงืช.
02:16
In 2020, the same team achieved a similar result
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ื‘ 2020, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื“ื•ืžื”
02:20
with a gene drive that made populations male-only.
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ืขื ืžื ื™ืข ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:24
Gene drives have proven powerful in the lab.
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ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:27
So, implementing them in the wild is a big decisionโ€”
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ืื–, ื™ืฉื•ืžื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” --
02:30
one thatโ€™s being considered because of how the fight
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ืื—ืช ืฉื ืฉืงืœืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžืื‘ืง
02:32
against mosquito-borne diseases is going.
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ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ.
02:36
Existing mosquito control measures, like insecticide-treated bed nets,
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”,
02:40
helped reduce the number of deaths from malaria,
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ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืžืœืจื™ื”,
02:43
the deadliest mosquito-borne disease, between 2000 and 2019.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ื™ืฉืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ 2000 ืœ 2019.
02:48
But fatalities have begun rising again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
02:51
Many mosquitoes have developed insecticide resistanceโ€”
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” --
02:54
and insecticides kill more than just mosquitoes.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
02:58
In addition to the first-ever malaria vaccine,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื,
03:00
approved in October of 2021,
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021,
03:03
many see promise in gene drives.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื.
03:05
Experts are researching what it would look like to specifically target
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:09
the deadliest mosquito populations with this technology.
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ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:12
Like Anopheles gambiae, for instance:
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ื›ืžื• ืื ื•ืคืœืก ื’ืžื‘ื™ืื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:
03:15
the species overwhelmingly responsible for spreading malaria in Equatorial Africa,
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช,
03:20
which experiences the vast majority of mosquito-related fatalities.
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
03:24
The idea is that, when a gene-drive-affected population
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืช ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื
03:27
of Anopheles gambiae drops low enough,
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ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืคืœืก ื’ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:30
it would break the malaria transmission cycle.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
03:33
But before gene drive mosquitoes are actually released into the wild,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
03:37
some big questions need answers.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:39
Like, could gene drives cross into and cause the collapse of non-target species?
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ื›ืžื•, ื”ืื ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืชื?
03:45
It doesnโ€™t seem that many mosquito species interbreed,
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
03:48
making this unlikely,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
03:50
but scientists are conducting research to be certain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
03:53
And how might a mosquito populationโ€™s collapse affect ecosystems?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืงืจื™ืกืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืชืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
03:58
One team is examining the feces and stomach contents
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื•ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
04:01
of insectivores in Ghana to gauge the role of Anopheles gambiae in local food webs.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืคืœืก ื’ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:07
And researchers are investigating
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื
04:08
whether suppressing populations could make other insects more vulnerable
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ืื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
04:12
or leave a niche open that a harmful species could occupy.
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ืœืก.
04:16
Scientists are also exploring alternatives to population collapse,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
04:20
like gene drives that instead make mosquitoes resistant
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ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื™ื
04:24
to the malaria parasite.
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ืœื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:25
And others are developing countermeasures to reverse
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš
04:28
the effects of gene drives if needed.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
04:31
Meanwhile, some people have called for gene drive research to halt
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื
04:35
out of concern for the possible consequences.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.
04:38
This raises another question: who should decide whether to release gene drives?
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ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื ื™ืขื™ ื’ื ื™ื?
04:43
Itโ€™s essential that communities, scientists, regulators,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื,
04:46
and governments of the countries most affected by mosquito-borne diseases
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
04:50
be highly involved in the research and decision-making processes.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
04:55
Conversations are currently underway at all levels
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื•ืช
04:57
to establish a system to manage this new area of researchโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ --
05:01
and the ethical questions it carries.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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