Corruption, wealth and beauty: The history of the Venetian gondola - Laura Morelli

Korupcija, bogatstvo i lepota: istorija venecijanske gondole - Laura Moreli (Laura Morelli)

591,348 views

2014-09-04 ・ TED-Ed


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Corruption, wealth and beauty: The history of the Venetian gondola - Laura Morelli

Korupcija, bogatstvo i lepota: istorija venecijanske gondole - Laura Moreli (Laura Morelli)

591,348 views ・ 2014-09-04

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Marija Agatonović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
If I say, "Venice," do you imagine yourself gliding down the Grand Canal,
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Kada kažem "Venecija", zamišljate li sebe kako jedrite Velikim kanalom,
00:11
serenaded by a gondolier?
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uz serenadu gondolijera?
00:13
There's no doubt that the gondola is a symbol of Venice, Italy,
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Nema sumnje da je gondola simbol Venecije u Italiji,
00:17
but how did this curious banana-shaped black boat get its distinctive look?
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ali kako je ovaj crni brod u obliku banane dobio svoj prepoznatljivi izgled?
00:23
The origins of the Venetian gondola are lost to history,
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Poreklo venecijanske gondole je izgubljeno u istoriji
00:26
but by the 1500s, some 10,000 gondolas transported dignitaries, merchants and goods
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ali do 1500-ih, oko deset hiljada gondola je prevozilo velikodostojnike,
00:33
through the city's canals.
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trgovce i robu gradskim kanalima.
00:35
In fact, Venice teemed with many types of handmade boats,
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U stvari, Venecija je bila prepuna različitih tipova ručno izrađenih čamaca
00:38
from utilitarian rafts to the Doge's own ostentatious gilded barge.
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od utilitarističkih splavova do Duždevih raskošnih pozlaćenih barži.
00:44
Like a modern day taxi system, gondolas were leased to boatmen
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Kao savremeni taksi sistem, gondole su izdavane čamdžijama
00:48
who made the rounds of the city's ferry stations.
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koji su pravili ture po pristaništima grada.
00:51
Passengers paid a fare to be carried from one side of the Grand Canal to the other,
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Putnici bi plaćali kartu da ih prevezu sa jedne strane Velikog kanala na drugu,
00:56
as well as to other points around the city.
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kao i do drugih mesta po gradu.
00:58
But gondoliers soon developed a bad rap.
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Ali, gondolijeri su uskoro došli na loš glas.
01:01
Historical documents describe numerous infractions involving boatmen,
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Istorijski dokumetni opisuju brojne prekršaje vezane za čamdžije,
01:05
including cursing, gambling, extorting passengers --
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uključujući psovke, kockanje, iznuđivanje putnika -
01:09
even occasional acts of violence.
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čak i povremenu upotrebu sile.
01:11
To minimize the unpredictability of canal travel,
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Da bi minimizirali nepredvidivost putovanja kanalima,
01:14
Venetian citizens who could afford it purchased their own gondolas,
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Venecijanci koji su to sebi mogli da priušte, kupili su gondole,
01:18
just as a celebirty might use a private car and driver today.
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kao što poznate ličnosti danas imaju privatni auto sa šoferom.
01:22
These wealthy Venetians hired two private gondoliers to ferry them around the city
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Ovi bogati Venecijanci unajmili su dva privatna gondolijera da ih voze
01:27
and maintain their boats.
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po gradu i održavaju njihove čamce.
01:28
The gondolas soon became a status symbol, much like an expensive car,
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Gondole su ubrzo postale statusni simbol, u velikoj meri kao skupi automobil,
01:32
with custom fittings, carved and gilded ornamentation,
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sa uobičajenom opremom, ugraviranim i pozlaćenim ornamentima,
01:36
and seasonal fabrics, like silk and velvet.
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i sezonskim štofovima, kao što su svila i somot.
01:39
However, the majority of gondolas seen today are black
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Bilo kako bilo, većina današnjih gondola su crne
01:42
because in 1562, Venetian authorities decreed
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jer su 1562. venecijanske vlasti odlučile
01:46
that all but ceremonial gondolas be painted black
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da sve gondole osim ceremonijalnih budu ofarbane u crno
01:49
in order to avoid sinfully extravagant displays.
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da bi se izbegli grešno ekstravagantni prizori.
01:53
Apparently, Venetian authorities did not believe in "pimping their rides."
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Kako izgleda, venecijanske vlasti nisu verovale u "nabudžena vozila".
01:57
Still, some wealthy Venetians chose to pay the fines
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Ipak, neki bogati Venecijanci birali su da plate kaznu
02:00
in order to maintain their ornamental gondolas,
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da bi održavali svoje gondole sa ornamentima,
02:03
a small price to keep up appearances.
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bila je to mala cena da bi se održao privid bogastva.
02:05
The distinctive look of the gondola developed over many centuries.
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Prepoznatljivi izgled gondole razvijao se vekovima.
02:09
Each gondola was constructed in a family boatyard called a squero.
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Svaka gondola konstruisana je u porodičnoj radionici zvanoj "skvero".
02:14
From their fathers and grandfathers, sons learned how to select and season
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Od svojih očeva i dedova, sinovi su naučili kako da odaberu i obrade
02:18
pieces of beech, cherry, elm, fir, larch, lime, mahogany, oak and walnut.
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delove bukve, trešnje, bresta, hrasta, ariša, limuna, mahagonija, jele i oraha.
02:26
The gondola makers began with a wooden template
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Graditelji gondola počinjali bi od drvenog šablona
02:29
that may have been hammered into the workshop floor generations earlier.
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koji je možda bio zakovan za pod radionice generacijama.
02:33
From this basic form, they attached fore and aft sterns,
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Na ovaj osnovni oblik dodavali su pramac i krmu,
02:37
then formed the longitudinal planks and ribs that made up the frame
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zatim formirali uzdužne daske i rebra koja su činila okvir
02:41
of a boat designed to glide through shallow, narrow canals.
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broda dizajniranog da klizi kroz plitke, uske kanale.
02:45
A gondola has no straight lines or edges.
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Gondola nema pravih linija niti ivica.
02:47
Its familiar profile was achieved through an impressive fire and water process
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Njen prepoznatljivi profil postiže se kroz impresivni proces vatre i vode,
02:52
that involved warping the boards with torches made of marsh reeds set ablaze.
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krivljenjem dasaka zapaljenim bakljama, napravljenim od močvarne trske.
02:57
However, the majority of the 500 hours that went into building a gondola
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Ipak, veći deo od 500 sati koliko traje pravljenje gondole
03:02
involved the final stages:
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potroši se na finalne faze:
03:04
preparing surfaces and applying successive coats of waterproof varnish.
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pripremanje površina i nanošenje uzastopnih slojeva vodootpornog laka.
03:10
The varnish was a family recipe, as closely guarded as one for risotto
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Lak je pravljen po porodičnom receptu, čuvanom kao onaj za rižoto
03:14
or a homemade sauce.
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ili za domaći sos.
03:16
Yet even with the woodwork finished, the gondola was still not complete.
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Ali, i sa završetkom drveta, gondola još nije gotova.
03:20
Specialized artisans supplied their gondola-making colleagues
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Specijalizovane zanatlije snabdevaju svoje kolege graditelje gondola
03:23
with elaborate covered passenger compartments,
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detaljno prekrivenim putničkim odeljcima,
03:26
upholstery and ornaments of steel and brass.
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tapaciranim detaljima i ornamentima od čelika i mesinga.
03:29
Oar makers became integral partners to the gondola makers.
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Proizvođači vesla postali su ključni partneri graditeljima gondola.
03:33
The Venetian oarlock, or fórcola, began as a simple wooden fork,
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Venecijanske rašlje za vesla, ili forkola, počele su kao prosta viljuška
03:38
but evolved into a high-precision tool that allowed a gondolier
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da bi evoluirale u visoko preciznu alatku koja omogućava gondolijeru
03:41
to guide the oar into many positions.
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da vodi veslo u mnogo pozicija.
03:44
By the late 1800s,
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Do kasnih 1800-ih,
03:46
gondola makers began to make the left side of the gondola wider than the right
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graditelji gondola počeli su da prave levu stranu gondole širu nego desnu
03:50
as a counter balance to the force created by a single gondolier.
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kao ravnotežu snazi jednog gondolijera.
03:54
This modification allowed rowers to steer from the right side only,
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Ova modifikacija omogućava veslaču da upravlja samo sa desne strane
03:59
and without lifting the oar from the water.
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i bez podizanja vesla iz vode.
04:01
While these modifications improved gondola travel,
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Iako su ove modifikacije poboljšale putovanje gondolom,
04:04
they were not enough to keep pace with motorized boats.
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nisu bile dovoljne da održe korak sa motorizovanim čamcima.
04:07
Today, only about 400 gondolas glide through the waterways of Venice,
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Danas, samo 400 gondola plovi kroz kanale Venecije
04:12
and each year, fewer authentic gondolas are turned out by hand.
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i svake godine, ručno se pravi sve manje autentičnih gondola.
04:16
But along the alleys, street signs contain words in Venetian dialect
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Ali, duž ulica, ulični znakovi sadrže reči venecijanskog dijalekta
04:20
for the locations of old boatyards, oar makers and ferry stations,
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za lokacije starih brodogradilišta, radionica vesla i stanica trajekata
04:25
imprinting the memory of the boat-building trades
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obeležavajući uspomenu na zanat izgradnje brodova
04:28
that once kept life in the most serene republic gliding along at a steady clip.
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koji je nekada činio da život u republici klizi stabilnim tempom.
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