Corruption, wealth and beauty: The history of the Venetian gondola - Laura Morelli

591,761 views ใƒป 2014-09-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If I say, "Venice," do you imagine yourself gliding down the Grand Canal,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ื•ื ืฆื™ื”," ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงื ืืœ,
00:11
serenaded by a gondolier?
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ื•ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจ ืœื›ื?
00:13
There's no doubt that the gondola is a symbol of Venice, Italy,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ืœื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
00:17
but how did this curious banana-shaped black boat get its distinctive look?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”?
00:23
The origins of the Venetian gondola are lost to history,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:26
but by the 1500s, some 10,000 gondolas transported dignitaries, merchants and goods
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16, ื›-10,000 ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช
00:33
through the city's canals.
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ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
00:35
In fact, Venice teemed with many types of handmade boats,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“,
00:38
from utilitarian rafts to the Doge's own ostentatious gilded barge.
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ืžืจืคืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื’'.
00:44
Like a modern day taxi system, gondolas were leased to boatmen
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ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื
00:48
who made the rounds of the city's ferry stations.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
00:51
Passengers paid a fare to be carried from one side of the Grand Canal to the other,
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ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืชืขืจื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืœืงื— ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงื ืืœ ืœืื—ืจ,
00:56
as well as to other points around the city.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
00:58
But gondoliers soon developed a bad rap.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
01:01
Historical documents describe numerous infractions involving boatmen,
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ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืคืฉื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื‘ื• ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื,
01:05
including cursing, gambling, extorting passengers --
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืœืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืกื—ื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื --
01:09
even occasional acts of violence.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
01:11
To minimize the unpredictability of canal travel,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช,
01:14
Venetian citizens who could afford it purchased their own gondolas,
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ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืจื›ืฉื• ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื,
01:18
just as a celebirty might use a private car and driver today.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืกืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื”ื’ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:22
These wealthy Venetians hired two private gondoliers to ferry them around the city
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ
01:27
and maintain their boats.
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ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:28
The gondolas soon became a status symbol, much like an expensive car,
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ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืกืžืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
01:32
with custom fittings, carved and gilded ornamentation,
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ืขื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื,
01:36
and seasonal fabrics, like silk and velvet.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื™ ื•ืงื˜ื™ืคื”.
01:39
However, the majority of gondolas seen today are black
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
01:42
because in 1562, Venetian authorities decreed
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ 1562, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืงื‘ืขื•
01:46
that all but ceremonial gondolas be painted black
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:49
in order to avoid sinfully extravagant displays.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช.
01:53
Apparently, Venetian authorities did not believe in "pimping their rides."
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘"ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื”."
01:57
Still, some wealthy Venetians chose to pay the fines
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืฉืœื ืงื ืกื•ืช
02:00
in order to maintain their ornamental gondolas,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:03
a small price to keep up appearances.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช.
02:05
The distinctive look of the gondola developed over many centuries.
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ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:09
Each gondola was constructed in a family boatyard called a squero.
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ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืกืคื ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกืงื•ืืจื•.
02:14
From their fathers and grandfathers, sons learned how to select and season
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ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืŸ
02:18
pieces of beech, cherry, elm, fir, larch, lime, mahogany, oak and walnut.
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉื•ืจ, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืงื™ืฆื”, ืืฉื•ื—, ืœืืจืฅ', ืœื™ื™ื, ืžื”ื’ื•ื ื™, ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืื’ื•ื–.
02:26
The gondola makers began with a wooden template
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืฅ
02:29
that may have been hammered into the workshop floor generations earlier.
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื• ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืกื“ื ื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:33
From this basic form, they attached fore and aft sterns,
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ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:37
then formed the longitudinal planks and ribs that made up the frame
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช
02:41
of a boat designed to glide through shallow, narrow canals.
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:45
A gondola has no straight lines or edges.
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ืœื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืื• ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
02:47
Its familiar profile was achieved through an impressive fire and water process
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉ ื•ืžื™ื
02:52
that involved warping the boards with torches made of marsh reeds set ablaze.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืœืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื.
02:57
However, the majority of the 500 hours that went into building a gondola
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ 500 ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื”
03:02
involved the final stages:
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื:
03:04
preparing surfaces and applying successive coats of waterproof varnish.
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ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื›ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ื.
03:10
The varnish was a family recipe, as closely guarded as one for risotto
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ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืœืจื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•
03:14
or a homemade sauce.
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ืื• ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื™.
03:16
Yet even with the woodwork finished, the gondola was still not complete.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
03:20
Specialized artisans supplied their gondola-making colleagues
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ืืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
03:23
with elaborate covered passenger compartments,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื,
03:26
upholstery and ornaments of steel and brass.
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ืจื™ืคื•ื“ ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืคืœื“ื” ื•ืคืœื™ื–.
03:29
Oar makers became integral partners to the gondola makers.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:33
The Venetian oarlock, or fรณrcola, began as a simple wooden fork,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™, ืื• ืคื•ืจืงื•ืœื”, ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืžื–ืœื’ ืขืฅ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
03:38
but evolved into a high-precision tool that allowed a gondolier
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื™ืจ
03:41
to guide the oar into many positions.
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ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:44
By the late 1800s,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
03:46
gondola makers began to make the left side of the gondola wider than the right
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
03:50
as a counter balance to the force created by a single gondolier.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื™ืจ.
03:54
This modification allowed rowers to steer from the right side only,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:59
and without lifting the oar from the water.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืžื™ื.
04:01
While these modifications improved gondola travel,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื”,
04:04
they were not enough to keep pace with motorized boats.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช.
04:07
Today, only about 400 gondolas glide through the waterways of Venice,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจืง ื›-400 ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”,
04:12
and each year, fewer authentic gondolas are turned out by hand.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“.
04:16
But along the alleys, street signs contain words in Venetian dialect
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช, ืฉืœื˜ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ื•ื ืฆื™ืื ื™
04:20
for the locations of old boatyards, oar makers and ferry stations,
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ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืžืกืคื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:25
imprinting the memory of the boat-building trades
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ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช
04:28
that once kept life in the most serene republic gliding along at a steady clip.
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืงื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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