The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

Otkačena istorija teorije ćelija - Loren Rojal Vuds (Lauren Royal-Woods)

Prevodilac: Dragana Stanojevic Lektor: Mile Živković

(Muzika)

One of the great things about science

Jedna od divnih stvari u nauci

is that when scientists make a discovery,

je i to što, kada naučnici nešto otkriju

it's not always in a prescribed manner,

nije uvek na propisan način,

kao u laboratoriji pod strogim uslovima,

as in, only in a laboratory under strict settings,

with white lab coats

u belim mantilima i preciznim spravicama

and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go, "Beep!"

koje kažu BIP!

In reality,

U stvarnosti,

događaji i ljudi koji učestvuju u nekim od najvećih naučnih otkrića

the events and people involved

in some of the major scientific discoveries

are as weird and varied as they get.

su izuzetno čudni i različiti.

My case in point:

Odličan primer ovoga:

"Uvrnuta istorija ćelijske teorije".

The Weird History of the Cell Theory.

There are three parts to the cell theory.

Postoje tri dela ćelijske teorije.

One: all organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Prvo: svi organizmi se sastoje od jedne ili više ćelija.

Two: the cell is the basic unit of structure

Drugo: ćelija je osnovna jedinica građe i organizacije organizma.

and organization in organisms.

And three: all cells come from preexisting cells.

I treće: sve ćelije nastaju iz već postojećih ćelija.

To be honest, this all sounds incredibly boring

Da budem iskrena, ovo sve zvuči užasno dosadno,

until you dig a little deeper

sve dok ne zakopate dublje u to kako su nastali mikroskopski organizmi

into how the world of microscopic organisms,

and this theory came to be.

i ova teorija.

Sve je krenulo početkom 17. veka u Holandiji,

It all started in the early 1600s in the Netherlands,

gde je proizvođač optičkih instrumenata,

where a spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen

is said to have come up with the first compound microscope,

po imenu Zakarias Jansen, izumeo prvi optički mikroskop,

u isto vreme, kada je izumeo i teleskop.

along with the first telescope.

Both claims are often disputed,

Ove tvrdnje su često osporavane,

as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy

tj. da on nije jedini kom je bilo dosadno i ko se u tada igrao sa gomilom sočiva.

with a ton of glass lenses to play with at the time.

Uprkos tome,

Despite this,

the microscope soon became a hot item

mikroskop je ubrzo postao popularan,

that every naturalist or scientist at the time wanted to play with,

i svaki naučnik toga vremena želeo je da se igra sa njim,

making it much like the iPad of its day.

čime je postao nešto nalik na ajped danas.

Jedan takav tip, Holanđanin

One such person

was a fellow Dutchman by the name of Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

po imenu Anton Van Luvenhuk,

who heard about these microscope doohickeys,

koji je čuo za ove mikroskopske spravice,

and instead of going out and buying one,

umesto da prošeta i kupi mikroskop,

he decided to make his own.

doneo je odluku da ga sam napravi.

And it was a strange little contraption indeed,

I to je bila mala čudna sprava,

as it looked more like a tiny paddle the size of a sunglass lens.

izgledala je kao veslo veličine stakla za naočari.

If he had stuck two together,

Da je spojio dve takve sprave, dobio bi neobičan par naočari,

it probably would have made a wicked set of sunglasses

that you couldn't see much out of.

sa kojima ne bi mnogo video.

Anyhoo, once Leeuwenhoek had his microscope ready,

I kada je Luvenhuk napravio svoj mikroskop

he went to town,

i krenuo da gleda kao besan, i razgledao sve što je mogao sa njim,

looking at anything and everything he could with them,

including the gunk on his teeth.

uključujući i prljavštinu na svojim zubima.

Yes, you heard right.

Da, dobro ste čuli.

Otkrio je bakterije gledajući u strugotine sa zuba,

He actually discovered bacteria

by looking at dental scrapings,

which, when you keep in mind

a s obzirom da znamo da ljudi u to vreme nisu mnogo prali zube,

that people didn't brush their teeth much -- if at all -- back then,

ili ih nisu uopšte prali,

he must have had a lovely bunch of bacteria to look at.

zasigurno je gledao u puno bakterija.

When he wrote about his discovery,

Kada je pisao o svom otkriću,

he didn't call them bacteria, as we know them today.

nije ih zvao bakterije, kako ih mi znamo.

Nazivao ih je životinjicama,

But he called them "animalcules,"

because they looked like little animals to him.

zato što su mu tako i izgledale.

While Leeuwenhoek was staring at his teeth gunk,

U isto vreme dok je Luvenhuk gledao naslage na zubima,

he was also sending letters to a scientific colleague in England,

slao je pisma engleskom naučniku,

by the name of Robert Hooke.

po imenu Robet Huk.

Hooke was a guy who really loved all aspects of science,

Huk je bio momak koji je obožavao nauku,

so he dabbled in a little bit of everything, including physics,

i bavio se svačim pomalo, uključujući fiziku, hemiju i biologiju.

chemistry and biology.

Thus it is Hooke who we can thank for the term "the cell,"

Huku možemo da zahvalimo za termin "ćelija",

as he was looking at a piece of cork under his microscope,

jer dok je gledao komad plute pod mikroskopom,

and the little chambers he saw reminded him of cells,

male komore su ga podsetile na ćelije,

or the rooms monks slept in in their monasteries.

odnosno sobe u kojima monasi spavaju u manastirima.

Zamislite studentski dom, bez TV-a, kompjutera i iritantnh cimera.

Think college dorm rooms,

but without the TVs, computers and really annoying roommates.

Hooke was something of an underappreciated scientist

Huk je bio potcenjen naučnik u to vreme,

of his day --

što je sam sebi učinio,

something he brought upon himself,

kada je zaratio sa jednim od najpoznatijih naučnika svih vremena,

as he made the mistake of locking horns

with one of the most famous scientists ever, Sir Isaac Newton.

Isakom Njutnom.

Remember when I said Hooke dabbled in many different fields?

Sećate li se kada sam pomenula da se Huk bavio različitim temama?

Well, after Newton published a groundbreaking book

Kada je Njutn objavio revolucinarnu knjigu

on how planets move due to gravity,

o kretanju planeta i gravitaciji,

Hooke made the claim

Huk je tvrdio da je Njutn

that Newton had been inspired by Hooke's work in physics.

bio inspirisan njegovim radom u fizici.

Newton, to say the least, did not like that,

Njutnu se to nimalo nije svidelo,

zbog čega je njihov odnos bio loš, čak i kada je Huk umro,

which sparked a tense relationship between the two

that lasted even after Hooke died,

as quite a bit of Hooke's research -- as well as his only portrait --

nije mu se svidelo ni Hukovo istraživanje,

ni Hukov portret, sve se to "zagubilo" zbog Njutna.

was ... misplaced, due to Newton.

Much of it was rediscovered, thankfully, after Newton's time,

Većina je ponovo otkrivena, na sreću, nakon Njutnovog vremena,

ali nije otkriven Hukov portret, i niko ne zna kako je izgledao.

but not his portrait,

as, sadly, no one knows what Robert Hooke looked like.

Fast-forward to the 1800s,

Ubrzajmo se do 1800-ih,

where two German scientists discovered something

gde su dva nemačka naučnika otkrila nešto što je danas potpuno očigledno,

that today we might find rather obvious,

but helped tie together what we now know as the cell theory.

ali je pomoglo da se zaokruži ono što nazivamo ćelijskom terorijom.

The first scientist was Matthias Schleiden,

Prvi naučnik je bio Matias Šlajden,

a botanist who liked to study plants under a microscope.

botaničar koji je voleo da posmatra biljke mikroskopom.

Nakon dugogodišnjeg proučavanja različitih biljnih vrsta,

From his years of studying different plant species,

it finally dawned on him

sinulo mu je da je svaka biljka koju je gledao

that every single plant he had looked at

were all made of cells.

sastavljena od ćelija.

At the same time,

U isto vreme na drugom kraju Nemačke,

on the other end of Germany was Theodor Schwann,

je Teodor Švan,

a scientist who not only studied slides of animal cells

naučnik koji nije samo proučavao mikroskopom životinjske ćelije,

under the microscope

i po kome je nazvana jedna nervna ćelija,

and got a special type of nerve cell named after him,

koji je izumeo maske za disanje za vatrogasce,

but also invented rebreathers for firefighters,

and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.

i imao velike zulufe.

Nakon dužeg proučavanja životinjskih ćelija,

After studying animal cells for a while,

he, too, came to the conclusion

zaključio je da su sve životinje sastavljene od njih.

that all animals were made of cells.

Immediately, he reached out via snail mail,

Odmah je poslao pismo sporom poštom,

jer Tviter tada još nije izmišljen,

as Twitter had yet to be invented,

to other scientists working in the same field with Schleiden,

drugim naučnim istraživačima na istom polju

i Šlajdenu, koji mu je odgovorio, pa su zajedno počeli da se bave teorijom ćelija.

who got back to him,

and the two started working on the beginnings of the cell theory.

A bone of contention arose between them.

Predmet spora između njih dvojice

As for the last part of the cell theory --

je poslednji deo teorije ćelija,

koji kaže da ćelije potiču od već postojećih ćelija.

that cells come from preexisting cells --

Schleiden didn't exactly subscribe to that thought,

Šlajden nije podržavao tu ideju,

as he swore cells came from free-cell formation,

on se zaklinjao da ćelije nastaju slobodnim formiranjem,

where they just kind of spontaneously crystallized into existence.

jednostavno se spontano kristališu u postojanje.

Tada je još jedan naučnik, Rudolf Virčov,

That's when another scientist named Rudolph Virchow,

stepped in with research showing that cells did come from other cells,

objavio istraživanje, koje je pokazalo da ćelije nastaju od drugih ćelija,

research that was actually -- hmm ... How to put it? --

istraživanje je, hmm kako da vam kažem, pozajmio bez pitanja,

"borrowed without permission"

od jevrejskog naučnika Roberta Remaka,

from a Jewish scientist by the name of Robert Remak,

zbog čega su se još dva naučnika posvađala.

which led to two more feuding scientists.

Od zubne prljavštine do svađe sa Njutnom,

Thus, from teeth gunk to torquing off Newton,

kristalizacija Švanove ćelije,

crystallization to Schwann cells,

the cell theory came to be an important part of biology today.

teorija ćelija je postala važan deo današnje biologije.

Some things we know about science today may seem boring,

Neke naučne činjenice koje danas znamo, izgledaju dosadno

ali kako smo za njih saznali je neverovatno zanimljivo.

but how we came to know them is incredibly fascinating.

So if something bores you,

Ako ti je nešto dosadno,

dig deeper.

kopaj dublje.

It's probably got a really weird story behind it somewhere.

Postoji sigurno uvrnuta priča negde u pozadini.