The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

7,204,489 views ใƒป 2012-06-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
[ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”]
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื
00:14
One of the great things about science
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00:16
is that when scientists make a discovery,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช,
00:18
it's not always in a prescribed manner,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ,
ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื,
00:21
as in, only in a laboratory under strict settings,
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00:24
with white lab coats
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ืขื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
00:25
and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go, "Beep!"
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ืฉืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช "ื‘ื™ืค!"
00:29
In reality,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
00:31
the events and people involved
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00:32
in some of the major scientific discoveries
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00:34
are as weird and varied as they get.
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:37
My case in point:
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ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ:
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื.
00:39
The Weird History of the Cell Theory.
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ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.
00:42
There are three parts to the cell theory.
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00:44
One: all organisms are composed of one or more cells.
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ืื—ื“: ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื ืื—ื“ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:48
Two: the cell is the basic unit of structure
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ื”ืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
00:51
and organization in organisms.
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00:53
And three: all cells come from preexisting cells.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ: ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ืžืชืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:57
To be honest, this all sounds incredibly boring
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืฉืขืžื
01:01
until you dig a little deeper
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ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
01:03
into how the world of microscopic organisms,
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01:06
and this theory came to be.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17.
01:08
It all started in the early 1600s in the Netherlands,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืœื˜ืฉ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช
01:11
where a spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen
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ื‘ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื™ืืก ื™ืื ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:13
is said to have come up with the first compound microscope,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:17
along with the first telescope.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:19
Both claims are often disputed,
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01:20
as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืžื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
01:23
with a ton of glass lenses to play with at the time.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:26
Despite this,
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01:27
the microscope soon became a hot item
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืœื”ื™ื˜,
01:29
that every naturalist or scientist at the time wanted to play with,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื“ืขืŸ ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•,
01:33
making it much like the iPad of its day.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ื™ืคื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”
01:36
One such person
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01:37
was a fellow Dutchman by the name of Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ืืŸ ืœื•ื•ื ื”ื•ืง,
01:41
who heard about these microscope doohickeys,
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ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:43
and instead of going out and buying one,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื—ื“,
01:45
he decided to make his own.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
01:47
And it was a strange little contraption indeed,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
01:50
as it looked more like a tiny paddle the size of a sunglass lens.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื˜ ืคืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืฉืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ.
01:54
If he had stuck two together,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช...
01:56
it probably would have made a wicked set of sunglasses
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01:58
that you couldn't see much out of.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ืŸ.
02:01
Anyhoo, once Leeuwenhoek had his microscope ready,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื ื”ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ,
02:04
he went to town,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
02:05
looking at anything and everything he could with them,
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02:08
including the gunk on his teeth.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืœืืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:10
Yes, you heard right.
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืฉืžืขืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
02:13
He actually discovered bacteria
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02:15
by looking at dental scrapings,
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02:17
which, when you keep in mind
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ื•ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื– ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆื—ืฆื—ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:19
that people didn't brush their teeth much -- if at all -- back then,
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆื—ืฆื—ื• ืื•ืชืŸ...
02:23
he must have had a lovely bunch of bacteria to look at.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื.
02:27
When he wrote about his discovery,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
02:29
he didn't call them bacteria, as we know them today.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืื ื™ืžืœืงื•ืœืก,
02:32
But he called them "animalcules,"
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02:34
because they looked like little animals to him.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืจืื• ืœื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช [animal=ื—ื™ื”].
02:36
While Leeuwenhoek was staring at his teeth gunk,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื”ื•ืง ืฆืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
02:39
he was also sending letters to a scientific colleague in England,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
02:42
by the name of Robert Hooke.
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ืฉืฉืžื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืง.
02:44
Hooke was a guy who really loved all aspects of science,
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ื”ื•ืง ืื”ื‘ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
02:48
so he dabbled in a little bit of everything, including physics,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืงืฆืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:51
chemistry and biology.
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02:53
Thus it is Hooke who we can thank for the term "the cell,"
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืชื."
02:57
as he was looking at a piece of cork under his microscope,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืฉืขื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
03:00
and the little chambers he saw reminded him of cells,
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ื•ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื•
03:04
or the rooms monks slept in in their monasteries.
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ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ืื• ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ื–ืจื™ื.
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’', ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ.
03:09
Think college dorm rooms,
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03:10
but without the TVs, computers and really annoying roommates.
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03:14
Hooke was something of an underappreciated scientist
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ื”ื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•,
03:17
of his day --
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
03:18
something he brought upon himself,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
03:20
as he made the mistake of locking horns
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03:22
with one of the most famous scientists ever, Sir Isaac Newton.
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ืกืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืง ืขืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื?
03:25
Remember when I said Hooke dabbled in many different fields?
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03:27
Well, after Newton published a groundbreaking book
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™
03:30
on how planets move due to gravity,
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ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
03:32
Hooke made the claim
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ื”ื•ืง ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
03:33
that Newton had been inspired by Hooke's work in physics.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:37
Newton, to say the least, did not like that,
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”, ืœื ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”,
ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืง.
03:41
which sparked a tense relationship between the two
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03:43
that lasted even after Hooke died,
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03:45
as quite a bit of Hooke's research -- as well as his only portrait --
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืื’ ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืง,
ื•ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•, ื™ื•ื ื—ื• "ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:50
was ... misplaced, due to Newton.
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03:52
Much of it was rediscovered, thankfully, after Newton's time,
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
ืืš ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ืœื ื ืžืฆื, ื•ื›ืš ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืง.
03:56
but not his portrait,
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03:57
as, sadly, no one knows what Robert Hooke looked like.
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04:00
Fast-forward to the 1800s,
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ื ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
04:02
where two German scientists discovered something
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
04:05
that today we might find rather obvious,
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04:07
but helped tie together what we now know as the cell theory.
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ืืš ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื.
ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ืืก ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ,
04:11
The first scientist was Matthias Schleiden,
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04:13
a botanist who liked to study plants under a microscope.
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ื‘ื•ื˜ื ืื™ ืฉืื”ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:17
From his years of studying different plant species,
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04:19
it finally dawned on him
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ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ
04:21
that every single plant he had looked at
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04:23
were all made of cells.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื™ื.
04:26
At the same time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
04:28
on the other end of Germany was Theodor Schwann,
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืŸ,
04:30
a scientist who not only studied slides of animal cells
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื—ืงืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
04:33
under the microscope
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ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•,
04:35
and got a special type of nerve cell named after him,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžื—ื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืืฉ
04:38
but also invented rebreathers for firefighters,
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04:40
and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื–ื•ื’ ืคื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืงืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืชืื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:43
After studying animal cells for a while,
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04:45
he, too, came to the conclusion
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื.
04:47
that all animals were made of cells.
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04:49
Immediately, he reached out via snail mail,
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ืžื™ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ืืจ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ,
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆื,
04:52
as Twitter had yet to be invented,
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04:54
to other scientists working in the same field with Schleiden,
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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื—ื•ื.
ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื.
04:57
who got back to him,
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04:58
and the two started working on the beginnings of the cell theory.
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05:01
A bone of contention arose between them.
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ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
05:03
As for the last part of the cell theory --
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืœืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื,
ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
05:06
that cells come from preexisting cells --
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05:08
Schleiden didn't exactly subscribe to that thought,
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ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
05:11
as he swore cells came from free-cell formation,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืชืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
05:14
where they just kind of spontaneously crystallized into existence.
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ื•ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
ื•ืื– ืžื“ืขืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื™ืจื›ื•,
05:19
That's when another scientist named Rudolph Virchow,
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05:21
stepped in with research showing that cells did come from other cells,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:25
research that was actually -- hmm ... How to put it? --
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” --- ื”ืžืž, ืื™ืš ืœื ืกื— ื–ืืช? -- ื”ื•ืฉืืœ ืœืœื ืจืฉื•ืช
05:28
"borrowed without permission"
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ืžืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจื™ืžืง,
05:30
from a Jewish scientist by the name of Robert Remak,
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ ื˜ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
05:33
which led to two more feuding scientists.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžืคืœืืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
05:36
Thus, from teeth gunk to torquing off Newton,
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืœืชืื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืŸ,
05:39
crystallization to Schwann cells,
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05:41
the cell theory came to be an important part of biology today.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื,
05:45
Some things we know about science today may seem boring,
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ืืš ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืจืชืง.
05:49
but how we came to know them is incredibly fascinating.
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ืื– ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืขืžื ืืชื›ื,
05:53
So if something bores you,
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05:55
dig deeper.
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ืชื—ืคืจื• ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:56
It's probably got a really weird story behind it somewhere.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชืชืจ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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