The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

One of the great things about science

Jedna od dobrih stvari kod znanosti

is that when scientists make a discovery,

je da kad znanstvenici nešto otkriju,

it's not always in a prescribed manner,

nije to uvijek na uobičajeni način,

as in, only in a laboratory under strict settings,

kao u laboratoriju, pod strogim uvjetima,

with white lab coats

sa bijelim kutama

and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go, "Beep!"

i svakakvim znanstvenim stvarčicama koje rade "Beep!"

In reality,

U stvarnosti,

the events and people involved

događaji i ljudi uključeni

in some of the major scientific discoveries

u neka od velikih znanstvenih otkrića

are as weird and varied as they get.

su čudni i raznoliki koliko možete zamisliti

My case in point:

Dokaz:

The Weird History of the Cell Theory.

Čudna povijest teorije stanica.

There are three parts to the cell theory.

Postoje tri dijela teorije stanica.

One: all organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Prvi: svi organizmi sastavljeni su od jedne ili više stanica.

Two: the cell is the basic unit of structure

Drugi: stanica je osnovna jedinica strukture

and organization in organisms.

i organizacije u organizmima.

And three: all cells come from preexisting cells.

I treće: sve stanice dolaze od postojećih stanica.

To be honest, this all sounds incredibly boring

Iskreno, sve ovo zvuči dosadno

until you dig a little deeper

dok ne zađete malo dublje

into how the world of microscopic organisms,

u to kako su svijet mikroskopskih organizama

and this theory came to be.

i ova teorija nastali.

It all started in the early 1600s in the Netherlands,

Sve je počelo ranih 1600tih u Nizozemskoj,

where a spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen

gje je izrađivač naočala imena Zacharias Janssen

is said to have come up with the first compound microscope,

rekao kako je smislio prvi mikroskop,

along with the first telescope.

skupa s prvim teleskopom.

Both claims are often disputed,

Obje tvrdnje su često osporavali,

as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy

jer on izgleda nije bio jedini tip kojem je bilo dosadno

with a ton of glass lenses to play with at the time.

s hrpom staklenih leća s kojima se igrao.

Despite this,

Unatoč tome,

the microscope soon became a hot item

mikroskop je postao važna stvar

that every naturalist or scientist at the time wanted to play with,

kojom su se htjeli igrati svi znanstvenici toga doba,

making it much like the iPad of its day.

tako da je to bio kao iPad svog doba.

One such person

Jedna takva osoba

was a fellow Dutchman by the name of Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

bio je Nizozemac imena Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

who heard about these microscope doohickeys,

koji je čuo o ovim mikroskopksim napravama,

and instead of going out and buying one,

i umjesto da ode i kupi jednu,

he decided to make his own.

odlučio je napraviti vlastitu.

And it was a strange little contraption indeed,

I bila je to zaista čudna stvarčica,

as it looked more like a tiny paddle the size of a sunglass lens.

jer je izgledala više kao malo veslo veličine leće za sunčane naočale.

If he had stuck two together,

Da je spojio dvije,

it probably would have made a wicked set of sunglasses

vjerojatno bi napravio opake sunčane naočale

that you couldn't see much out of.

kroz koje ne bi vidjeli.

Anyhoo, once Leeuwenhoek had his microscope ready,

Bilo kako bilo, jednom kad je Leeuwenhoek pripremio mikroskope,

he went to town,

otišao je u grad,

looking at anything and everything he could with them,

gledajući s njima sve što je mogao,

including the gunk on his teeth.

uključujući nakupine na svojim zubima.

Yes, you heard right.

Da, dobro ste čuli.

He actually discovered bacteria

Zapravo je otkrio bakterije

by looking at dental scrapings,

gledajući stvari koje je sastrugao sa zubi,

which, when you keep in mind

što je, imajući na umu

that people didn't brush their teeth much -- if at all -- back then,

da ljudi nisu prali zube pretjerano -- ako uopće -- tada,

he must have had a lovely bunch of bacteria to look at.

morao je vidjeti divnu nakupinu bakterija.

When he wrote about his discovery,

Kada je pisao o svom otkriću,

he didn't call them bacteria, as we know them today.

nije ih zvao bakterijama, kako ih mi znamo danas.

But he called them "animalcules,"

Ali ih je zvao "animalculima,"

because they looked like little animals to him.

jer su izgledali kao male životinjice.

While Leeuwenhoek was staring at his teeth gunk,

Dok je Leeuwenhoek gledao nakupine sa zubiju,

he was also sending letters to a scientific colleague in England,

također je slao pisma znanstvenom kolegi u Engleskoj,

by the name of Robert Hooke.

imena Robert Hooke.

Hooke was a guy who really loved all aspects of science,

Hooke je bio tip koji je volio sve aspekte znanosti,

so he dabbled in a little bit of everything, including physics,

tako da se bavio sa svačime, uključujući fiziku,

chemistry and biology.

kemiju i biologiju.

Thus it is Hooke who we can thank for the term "the cell,"

Tako da se Hookeu možemo zahvaliti za termin "stanica,"

as he was looking at a piece of cork under his microscope,

dok je gledao komad plutenog čepa pod mikroskopom,

and the little chambers he saw reminded him of cells,

i male komore koje je vidio podsjećale su ga na stanice, ćelije,

or the rooms monks slept in in their monasteries.

odnosno sobe u kojima su redovnici spavali u samostanima.

Think college dorm rooms,

Zamislite sobe u studentskom domu,

but without the TVs, computers and really annoying roommates.

ali bez TV-a, računala i dosadnih cimera.

Hooke was something of an underappreciated scientist

Hooke je bio podcijenjeni znanstvenik

of his day --

svojih dana --

something he brought upon himself,

nešto što je sam uzrokovao,

as he made the mistake of locking horns

jer se sukobio

with one of the most famous scientists ever, Sir Isaac Newton.

sa jednim od najpoznatijih znanstvenika, Sir Isaacom Newtonom.

Remember when I said Hooke dabbled in many different fields?

Sjećate se kad sam rekla da je Hooke djelovao u mnogim različitim poljima?

Well, after Newton published a groundbreaking book

Pa, nakon što je Newton objavio revolucionarnu knjigu

on how planets move due to gravity,

o tome kako se planeti kreću zbog gravitacije,

Hooke made the claim

Hooke je ustvrdio

that Newton had been inspired by Hooke's work in physics.

kako je Newton bio inspiriran njegovim radom u fizici.

Newton, to say the least, did not like that,

Newtonu se to, u najmanju ruku, nije svidjelo,

which sparked a tense relationship between the two

što je stvorilo napetu vezu između njih dvoje

that lasted even after Hooke died,

koja je trajala čak i nakon što je Hooke umro,

as quite a bit of Hooke's research -- as well as his only portrait --

jer je dobar dio Hookeovih istraživanja -- kao i njegov jedini portret --

was ... misplaced, due to Newton.

nestao, zbog Newtona.

Much of it was rediscovered, thankfully, after Newton's time,

Puno toga je ponovno otkriveno, srećom, nakon Newtonova vremena,

but not his portrait,

ali ne njegov portret,

as, sadly, no one knows what Robert Hooke looked like.

tako da na žalost, nitko ne zna kako je Hooke izgledao.

Fast-forward to the 1800s,

Premotajte na 1800te,

where two German scientists discovered something

gdje dva njemačka znanstvenika otkrivaju nešto

that today we might find rather obvious,

što nam je danas poprilično očito,

but helped tie together what we now know as the cell theory.

ali pomoglo nam je povezati ono što danas znamo kao teoriju stanica.

The first scientist was Matthias Schleiden,

Prvi je znanstvenik Mathias Schleiden.

a botanist who liked to study plants under a microscope.

botaničar koji proučava biljke ispod mikroskopa.

From his years of studying different plant species,

U godinama proučavanja različitih biljnih vrsta,

it finally dawned on him

napokon mu je sinulo

that every single plant he had looked at

da je svaka biljka koju je gledao

were all made of cells.

načinjena od stanica.

At the same time,

U isto vrijeme,

on the other end of Germany was Theodor Schwann,

na drugom kraju Njemačke, Theodor Schwann,

a scientist who not only studied slides of animal cells

znanstvenik koni ne samo da je proučavao životinjske stanice

under the microscope

ispod mikroskopa

and got a special type of nerve cell named after him,

tako da je posebna vrsta živčane stanice nazvana po njeu,

but also invented rebreathers for firefighters,

a također je izumio uređaje za disanje za vatrogasce,

and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.

i imao opake zaliske.

After studying animal cells for a while,

Nakon što je neko vrijeme proučavao životinjske stanice,

he, too, came to the conclusion

i on je zaključio da su

that all animals were made of cells.

sve životinje napravljene od stanica.

Immediately, he reached out via snail mail,

Odmah je puževom poštom,

as Twitter had yet to be invented,

jer Twitter još nije izmišljen,

to other scientists working in the same field with Schleiden,

javio ostalim znanstvenicima koji su radili na istom polju kao Schleiden,

who got back to him,

koji su mu se javili,

and the two started working on the beginnings of the cell theory.

i njih dvojica počeli su stvarati početak teorije stanica.

A bone of contention arose between them.

Razmirice oko te teme javile su se među njima.

As for the last part of the cell theory --

U zadnjem dijelu teorije stanica --

that cells come from preexisting cells --

da stanice dolaze od postojećih stanica --

Schleiden didn't exactly subscribe to that thought,

Schleiden nije bio pobornik te ideje,

as he swore cells came from free-cell formation,

jer je vjerovao da se stanice slobodno stvaraju,

where they just kind of spontaneously crystallized into existence.

gdje jednostavno spontano postanu.

That's when another scientist named Rudolph Virchow,

Tada je još jedan znanstvenik imena Rudolph Virchow,

stepped in with research showing that cells did come from other cells,

došao i pokazao istraživanje kojim dokazuje da stanice dolaze od stanica,

research that was actually -- hmm ... How to put it? --

istraživanje koje je zapravo bilo -- kako da to kažem? --

"borrowed without permission"

"posuđeno bez dozvole"

from a Jewish scientist by the name of Robert Remak,

od židovskog znanstvenika imena Robert Remak,

which led to two more feuding scientists.

što je dovelo do još dva sukobljena znanstvenika.

Thus, from teeth gunk to torquing off Newton,

Od zubnih naslaga do Newtona,

crystallization to Schwann cells,

kristalizacije do Schwannovih stanica,

the cell theory came to be an important part of biology today.

teorija stanica postala je važan dio biologije danas.

Some things we know about science today may seem boring,

Neke stvari koje znamo o znanosti možda se čine dosadne,

but how we came to know them is incredibly fascinating.

ali kako smo ih naučili je zaista fascinantno.

So if something bores you,

Ako vam je nešto dosadno,

dig deeper.

zađite dublje.

It's probably got a really weird story behind it somewhere.

Sigurno postoji jako čudna priča iza toga.