The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

Translator: Sarmoko Sarmoko Reviewer: Badaruddin Saahe

Salah satu hal hebat dalam sains

One of the great things about science

is that when scientists make a discovery,

yaitu saat ilmuwan membuat penemuan,

it's not always in a prescribed manner,

tidak selalu dengan cara yang sesuai ketentuan,

as in, only in a laboratory under strict settings,

misalnya, hanya di laboratorium dengan aturan yang ketat

with white lab coats

mengenakan jas lab putih

and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go, "Beep!"

dengan peralatan lab yang tersusun rapi dan berbunyi, "Bip!"

In reality,

Pada kenyataannya,

the events and people involved

peristiwa dan mereka yang terlibat

in some of the major scientific discoveries

pada beberapa penemuan ilmiah besar

are as weird and varied as they get.

aneh dan beragam sesuai pengalaman mereka.

My case in point:

Peristiwa yang saya maksud:

The Weird History of the Cell Theory.

Sejarah Aneh dari Teori Sel.

There are three parts to the cell theory.

Ada tiga bagian teori sel.

One: all organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Satu: semua organisme terdiri dari satu atau lebih sel.

Two: the cell is the basic unit of structure

Dua: sel adalah unit dasar dari struktur

and organization in organisms.

dan jaringan pada organisme.

And three: all cells come from preexisting cells.

Tiga: semua sel berasal dari sel yang ada sebelumnya.

To be honest, this all sounds incredibly boring

Sebenarnya, semua ini terdengar sangat membosankan

until you dig a little deeper

hingga kamu gali sedikit lebih dalam

into how the world of microscopic organisms,

bagaimana dunia organisme mikroskopik

and this theory came to be.

dan teori sel ini muncul.

It all started in the early 1600s in the Netherlands,

Semuanya dimulai pada awal 1600-an di Belanda,

where a spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen

tempat pembuat kacamata bernama Zacharias Janssen,

is said to have come up with the first compound microscope,

dianggap menemukan mikroskop majemuk pertama,

along with the first telescope.

dan juga teleskop pertama.

Both claims are often disputed,

Kedua klaim itu sering diperdebatkan,

as apparently he wasn't the only bored guy

sepertinya dia bukan satu-satunya pria yang bosan

with a ton of glass lenses to play with at the time.

bermain dengan banyak lensa kaca saat itu.

Despite this,

Meskipun demikian,

the microscope soon became a hot item

mikroskop justru menjadi barang laris

that every naturalist or scientist at the time wanted to play with,

sehingga semua ahli biologi atau ilmuwan pada saat itu ingin mencobanya,

making it much like the iPad of its day.

semacam iPad di masa jayanya.

One such person

Seorang ilmuwan

was a fellow Dutchman by the name of Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

sesama orang Belanda bernama Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

who heard about these microscope doohickeys,

yang mendengar tentang perangkat mikroskop ini,

and instead of going out and buying one,

bukannya ikutan lalu membelinya,

he decided to make his own.

dia malah membuatnya sendiri.

And it was a strange little contraption indeed,

Berupa alat kecil yang sangat aneh,

as it looked more like a tiny paddle the size of a sunglass lens.

karena lebih mirip dayung kecil seukuran lensa kacamata hitam.

If he had stuck two together,

Jika dia melekatkan keduanya,

it probably would have made a wicked set of sunglasses

mungkin bisa jadi kacamata hitam buruk

that you couldn't see much out of.

yang mengganggu pandangan mata.

Anyhoo, once Leeuwenhoek had his microscope ready,

Namun, saat Leeuwenhoek menyelesaikan mikroskopnya,

he went to town,

dia berkeliling kota,

looking at anything and everything he could with them,

melihat apa pun yang bisa diamati dengan alat itu,

including the gunk on his teeth.

termasuk kotoran di giginya.

Yes, you heard right.

Ya, tepat sekali.

He actually discovered bacteria

Dia ternyata menemukan bakteri

by looking at dental scrapings,

dengan mengamati kerokan giginya,

which, when you keep in mind

nah, bisa kamu bayangkan

that people didn't brush their teeth much -- if at all -- back then,

orang jarang menyikat giginya --atau tidak sama sekali-- saat itu,

he must have had a lovely bunch of bacteria to look at.

dia pasti memiliki segudang bakteri untuk diteliti.

When he wrote about his discovery,

Saat dia menulis temuannya,

he didn't call them bacteria, as we know them today.

dia tak menamainya bakteri seperti yang kita kenal saat ini.

But he called them "animalcules,"

Tapi dia beri nama "animalcules"

because they looked like little animals to him.

karena menurutnya tampak seperti hewan kecil.

While Leeuwenhoek was staring at his teeth gunk,

Saat Leeuwenhoek melihat kotoran giginya,

he was also sending letters to a scientific colleague in England,

dia pun berkirim surat ke temannya sesama ilmuwan di Inggris,

by the name of Robert Hooke.

bernama Robert Hooke.

Hooke was a guy who really loved all aspects of science,

Hooke adalah pria yang sangat mencintai apa pun tentang sains

so he dabbled in a little bit of everything, including physics,

Sehingga dia menggeluti hampir semua ilmu, termasuk fisika, kimia dan biologi.

chemistry and biology.

Thus it is Hooke who we can thank for the term "the cell,"

jadi Hooke patut kita hargai atas kontribusinya dengan istilah "sel"

as he was looking at a piece of cork under his microscope,

saat dia menyelidiki sepotong gabus dengan mikroskopnya,

and the little chambers he saw reminded him of cells,

ruang-ruang kecil yang dilihatnya mengingatkannya pada "sel",

or the rooms monks slept in in their monasteries.

ataupun ruangan tempat tidur biksu di biara mereka.

Think college dorm rooms,

Bayangkan kamar kost mahasiswa,

but without the TVs, computers and really annoying roommates.

tapi tanpa TV, komputer, dan teman sekamar yang menjengkelkan.

Hooke was something of an underappreciated scientist

Hooke seorang ilmuwan yang kurang dihargai

of his day --

di zamannya --

something he brought upon himself,

sesuatu yang dia mulai sendiri,

as he made the mistake of locking horns

dia membuat kesalahan saat bertengkar

with one of the most famous scientists ever, Sir Isaac Newton.

dengan salah satu ilmuwan paling terkenal, Sir Isaac Newton.

Remember when I said Hooke dabbled in many different fields?

Masih ingat Hooke yang menggeluti berbagai bidang ilmu?

Well, after Newton published a groundbreaking book

Ya, setelah Newton menerbitkan buku terobosannya

on how planets move due to gravity,

tentang gerakan planet karena gravitasi,

Hooke made the claim

Hooke mengklaim

that Newton had been inspired by Hooke's work in physics.

bahwa Newton telah terinspirasi oleh karyanya di bidang fisika.

Newton, to say the least, did not like that,

Newton, setidaknya, tidak suka dikatakan seperti itu,

which sparked a tense relationship between the two

hingga memicu ketegangan hubungan antara keduanya

that lasted even after Hooke died,

yang berlangsung bahkan setelah Hooke meninggal,

as quite a bit of Hooke's research -- as well as his only portrait --

sedikit hasil penelitian Hooke - serta satu-satunya potretnya -

was ... misplaced, due to Newton.

... hilang, karena Newton.

Much of it was rediscovered, thankfully, after Newton's time,

Banyak barang Hooke ditemukan kembali, untungnya, setelah zaman Newton,

but not his portrait,

kecuali fotonya,

as, sadly, no one knows what Robert Hooke looked like.

sayangnya, tak ada yang tahu seperti apa rupa Robert Hooke.

Fast-forward to the 1800s,

Melompat ke tahun 1800-an,

where two German scientists discovered something

sewaktu dua ilmuwan Jerman menemukan sesuatu

that today we might find rather obvious,

yang sudah cukup jelas sekarang ini,

but helped tie together what we now know as the cell theory.

tapi membantu menyimpulkan apa yang kini kita kenal sebagai teori sel.

The first scientist was Matthias Schleiden,

Ilmuwan pertama yaitu Matthias Schleiden,

a botanist who liked to study plants under a microscope.

ahli botani yang banyak meneliti tumbuhan dengan mikroskop.

From his years of studying different plant species,

Dari penelitian bertahun-tahun pada tumbuhan berbeda

it finally dawned on him

akhirnya menyadarkan dia

that every single plant he had looked at

bahwa setiap tumbuhan yang ditelitinya

were all made of cells.

semuanya terbentuk dari sel.

At the same time,

Di saat yang sama,

on the other end of Germany was Theodor Schwann,

ilmuwan Jerman lainnya, Theodor Schwann,

a scientist who not only studied slides of animal cells

ilmuwan yang tak hanya meneliti kaca objek sel hewan

under the microscope

menggunakan mikroskop

and got a special type of nerve cell named after him,

dan mendapatkan jenis sel saraf yang dinamai sesuai namanya,

but also invented rebreathers for firefighters,

tapi juga menemukan alat bantu napas petugas damkar,

and had a kickin' pair of sideburns.

dan memiliki sepasang cambang.

After studying animal cells for a while,

Setelah beberapa kali meneliti sel hewan,

he, too, came to the conclusion

dia juga berkesimpulan

that all animals were made of cells.

bahwa semua hewan terbentuk dari sel.

Immediately, he reached out via snail mail,

Tak lama, dia berkirim surat via pos,

as Twitter had yet to be invented,

karena Twitter saat itu belum ada,

to other scientists working in the same field with Schleiden,

untuk ilmuwan lain di bidang ilmu yang sama dengan Schleiden,

who got back to him,

yang kemudian menemuinya,

and the two started working on the beginnings of the cell theory.

dan keduanya memulai pekerjaan tentang asal mula teori sel.

A bone of contention arose between them.

Perselisihan terjadi di antara mereka.

As for the last part of the cell theory --

Oleh sebab teori sel yang terakhir --

that cells come from preexisting cells --

bahwa sel berasal dari sel yang telah ada sebelumnya --

Schleiden didn't exactly subscribe to that thought,

Schleiden tidak menganut pemikiran itu,

as he swore cells came from free-cell formation,

karena ia yakin sekali sel berasal dari pembentukan sel bebas,

where they just kind of spontaneously crystallized into existence.

yang secara spontan mengkristal menjadi ada.

That's when another scientist named Rudolph Virchow,

Saat itulah ilmuwan lain bernama Rudolph Virchow,

stepped in with research showing that cells did come from other cells,

melakukan penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa sel berasal dari sel lain,

research that was actually -- hmm ... How to put it? --

penelitian sebenarnya -- hmm ... bisa dibilang

"borrowed without permission"

"meminjam tanpa izin"

from a Jewish scientist by the name of Robert Remak,

dari seorang ilmuwan Yahudi bernama Robert Remak,

which led to two more feuding scientists.

yang menyebabkan dua lagi ilmuwan yang berseteru.

Thus, from teeth gunk to torquing off Newton,

Dari kotoran gigi hingga kejengkelan Newton,

crystallization to Schwann cells,

mengkristal hingga ke sel Schwann,

the cell theory came to be an important part of biology today.

teori sel menjadi bagian penting ilmu biologi saat ini.

Some things we know about science today may seem boring,

Beberapa hal yang kita tahu tentang sains sekarang bisa tampak membosankan

but how we came to know them is incredibly fascinating.

tapi proses hingga kita bisa mengetahuinya sangat menarik.

So if something bores you,

Jadi jika sesuatu membuatmu bosan,

dig deeper.

gali lebih dalam.

It's probably got a really weird story behind it somewhere.

Bisa saja ada misteri sangat aneh yang tersembunyi entah di mana.