The philosophy of Stoicism - Massimo Pigliucci

9,780,363 views ・ 2017-06-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jenny Won
00:08
You've been stranded thousands of miles from home
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당신이 μ§‘μ—μ„œ λˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ†Œμ§€ν’ˆλ„ 없이
λͺ‡ 천 λ§ˆμΌμ΄λ‚˜ 떨어진 곳에
00:11
with no money or possessions.
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ν™€λ‘œ λ‚¨κ²¨μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:14
Such a predicament would make many people despair and curse their awful fate.
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이런 곀경에 μ²˜ν•˜λ©΄ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
μ ˆλ§ν•˜λ©° κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λΆˆμš΄μ„ νƒ“ν•˜κ² μ£ .
00:19
But for Zeno of Cyprus, it became the foundation of his life's work and legacy.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν‚€ν”„λ‘œμŠ€μ˜ μ œλ…Όμ—κ²ŒλŠ”
μΌμƒμ˜ μ—…κ³Ό μœ μ‚°μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ˆκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
The once wealthy merchant lost everything when he was shipwrecked in Athens
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ν•œλ•Œ λΆ€μœ ν–ˆλ˜ 이 상인은
BC 300λ…„κ²½ μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ—μ„œ λ‚œνŒŒλ₯Ό λ‹Ήν•΄
00:31
around 300 BCE.
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그의 λͺ¨λ“  것을 μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
With not much else to do, he wandered into a book shop,
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할일이 μ—†λ˜ κ·ΈλŠ” μš°μ—°νžˆ μ„œμ μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€
00:37
became intrigued by reading about Socrates,
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μ†Œν¬λΌν…ŒμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 책을 읽고 관심이 μƒκ²¨μ„œ
00:40
and proceeded to seek out and study with the city's noted philosophers.
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λ„μ‹œμ˜ 유λͺ…ν•œ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„κ°€ κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό κ³΅λΆ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
As Zeno began educating his own students,
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ œμžλ“€μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:49
he originated the philosophy known as Stoicism,
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μ œλ…Όμ€ μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλž€ 철학을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
whose teachings of virtue, tolerance, and self-control
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒμ˜ 덕, κ΄€μš©, 자기절제의 κ°€λ₯΄μΉ¨λ“€μ€
00:56
have inspired generations of thinkers and leaders.
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ν›„λŒ€ 사상가와 μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
The name Stoicism comes from the Stoa Poikile,
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒμ˜ 이름은 μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν¬μ΄ν‚¬λ ˆλΌλŠ”
01:05
the decorated public colonnade
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μ œλ…Όκ³Ό μ œμžλ“€μ΄ ν† λ‘ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ˜€λ˜
01:07
where Zeno and his disciples gathered for discussion.
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곡곡μž₯μ†Œμ˜ μ΄λ¦„μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
Today, we colloquially use the word stoic
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  'stoic(κΈˆμš•μ£Όμ˜μž)'μ΄λž€ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” κ΅¬μ–΄μ μœΌλ‘œ
01:14
to mean someone who remains calm under pressure
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μ••λ°• μ•„λž˜μ„œλ„ 평정심을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³ 
01:18
and avoids emotional extremes.
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κ°μ •μ˜ 극단을 ν”Όν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
But while this captures important aspects of Stoicism,
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이 뜻이 μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒμ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ„ ν¬μ°©ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:24
the original philosophy was more than just an attitude.
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본래 μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλŠ” μ‚Άμ˜ νƒœλ„λ§Œ λ‹€λ£¨μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
The Stoics believed that everything around us
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλŠ” 우리 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  것이
01:31
operates according to a web of cause and effect,
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μΈκ³Όκ΄€κ³„μ˜ 그물망에 따라 μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
resulting in a rational structure of the universe,
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그것은 우주의 합리적 ꡬ쑰,
01:37
which they called logos.
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즉 둜고슀λ₯Ό λ‚³μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
And while we may not always have control over the events affecting us,
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 사건듀을 항상 ν†΅μ œν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
01:44
we can have control over how we approach things.
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그것을 λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 우리의 νƒœλ„λŠ” ν†΅μ œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
Rather than imagining an ideal society,
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이상적인 μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
01:52
the Stoic tries to deal with the world as it is
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλŠ” μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ 세계λ₯Ό 받아듀이고
01:55
while pursuing self-improvement through four cardinal virtues:
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λ„€ 개의 기본적인 덕을 톡해 μˆ˜μ–‘μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
practical wisdom,
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μ‹€μ œμ  μ§€ν˜œ,
02:01
the ability to navigate complex situations in a logical, informed, and calm manner;
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 상황을 논리적이고, ν‰μ˜¨ν•˜κ³ ,
정보에 μž…κ°ν•œ νƒœλ„λ‘œ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯
02:08
temperance,
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절제,
02:09
the exercise of self-restraint and moderation in all aspects of life;
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μ‚Άμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μžμ œμ™€ μ€‘μš©μ„ μ‹€μ²œν•˜λŠ” 것
02:14
justice,
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μ •μ˜,
02:15
treating others with fairness even when they have done wrong;
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잘λͺ»μ„ 저지λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 것
02:20
and courage,
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그리고 용기,
02:21
not just in extraordinary circumstances,
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:24
but facing daily challenges with clarity and integrity.
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일상적인 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λͺ…λ£Œν•¨κ³Ό μ§„μ‹€λ¨μœΌλ‘œ λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
02:28
As Seneca, one of the most famous Roman Stoics wrote,
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둜마의 κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…인 μ„Έλ„€μΉ΄κ°€ μ €μˆ ν–ˆλ“―μ΄,
02:32
"Sometimes, even to live is an act of courage."
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"λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 것쑰차도 μš©κΈ°κ°€ 될 λ•Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
02:36
But while Stoicism focuses on personal improvement,
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒκ°€ 개인적 μˆ˜μ–‘μ— νž˜μ“΄ 것은 μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
02:40
it's not a self-centered philosophy.
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μ ˆλŒ€ μžκΈ°μ€‘μ‹¬μ μΈ 철학은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
At a time when Roman laws considered slaves as property,
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λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ λ…Έμ˜ˆλ₯Ό μ‚¬μœ μž¬μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ μ·¨κΈ‰ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ—
02:47
Seneca called for their humane treatment
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μ„Έλ„€μΉ΄λŠ” λ…Έμ˜ˆμ˜ 인간적인 λŒ€μš°λ₯Ό μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©°
02:49
and stressed that we all share the same fundamental humanity.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 근본적으둜 같은 인간성을 κ³΅μœ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Nor does Stoicism encourage passivity.
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλŠ” μˆ˜λ™μ„±μ„ μ‘°μž₯ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
The idea is that only people who have cultivated
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒλŠ” 덕과 자기 절제λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ§Œμ΄
03:00
virtue and self-control in themselves can bring positive change in others.
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νƒ€μΈμ—κ²Œ 긍정적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
One of the most famous Stoic writers was also one of Rome's greatest emperors.
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κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…은 둜마의 μœ„λŒ€ν•œ ν™©μ œ 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Over the course of his 19-year reign,
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19λ…„μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜κΈ°κ°„ 쀑
03:14
Stoicism gave Marcus Aurelius the resolve to lead the Empire through two major wars,
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마λ₯΄μΏ μŠ€ μ•„μš°λ λ¦¬μš°μŠ€λŠ” μŠ€ν† μ•„ 철학을 톡해 λ§Žμ€ μžλ…€μ˜ μ£½μŒμ„ κ²¬λ””λ©΄μ„œ
03:21
while dealing with the loss of many of his children.
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두 λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μ „μŸμ„ 치λ₯Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 결의λ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Centuries later, Marcus's journals would guide and comfort Nelson Mandela
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μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„, 마λ₯΄μΏ μŠ€μ˜ 일기듀은
λ„¬μŠ¨ λ§ŒλΈλΌκ°€ λ‚¨μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ 인쒅 평등을 μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜λ˜ 쀑
03:30
through his 27-year imprisonment
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03:32
during his struggle for racial equality in South Africa.
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κ²ͺ은 27λ…„μ˜ μˆ˜κ°μƒν™œμ„ μΈλ„ν•˜κ³  κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μœ„λ‘œλ₯Ό μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
After his release and eventual victory, Mandela stressed peace and reconciliation,
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그의 석방과 μ΅œμ’…μ μΈ 승리 이후, λ§ŒλΈλΌλŠ” 평화와 ν™”ν•΄λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
believing that while the injustices of the past couldn't be changed,
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과거의 뢈의λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ€ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
민쑱이 ν˜„μž¬ λΆˆμ˜μ— λ§žμ„œκ³ 
03:46
his people could confront them in the present
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더 λ‚˜μ€, 더 μ •μ˜λ‘œμš΄ 미래λ₯Ό 좔ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
and seek to build a better, more just future.
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03:52
Stoicism was an active school of philosophy for several centuries
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μŠ€ν† μ΄μ‹œμ¦˜μ€ μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° κ°„ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ λ‘œλ§ˆμ—μ„œ
03:56
in Greece and Rome.
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ν™œλ°œν•œ μ² ν•™ ν•™νŒŒμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
As a formal institution, it faded away,
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κ³΅μ‹κΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œμ„œλŠ” μ‡ ν‡΄ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
04:01
but its influence has continued to this day.
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κ·Έ 영ν–₯λ ₯은 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ§€μ†λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Christian theologians, such as Thomas Aquinas,
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ•„ν€΄λ‚˜μŠ€μ™€ 같은 기독ꡐ μ‹ ν•™μžλ“€μ€
04:08
have admired and adopted its focus on the virtues,
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μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•™νŒŒμ˜ 덕을 μ‘΄κ²½ν•˜κ³  μ°¨μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
and there are parallels between Stoic Ataraxia, or tranquility of mind,
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λ˜ν•œ μŠ€ν† μ΅ μ•„νƒ€λ½μ‹œμ•„, 즉 정신적 ν‰μ˜¨κ³Ό
04:17
and the Buddhist concept of Nirvana.
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뢈ꡐ의 μ—΄λ°˜(nirvana)은 곡톡점을 κ³΅μœ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
One particularly influential Stoic was the philosopher Epictetus
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특히 영ν–₯λ ₯ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μŠ€ν† μ•„ν•™νŒŒμΈ μ—ν”½ν…Œν† μŠ€λŠ”
04:25
who wrote that suffering stems
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고톡이 μ‚Άμ˜ μ‚¬κ±΄λ“€μ—μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ
04:27
not from the events in our lives, but from our judgements about them.
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그에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 νŒλ‹¨μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœλ‹€κ³  μ €μˆ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
This has resonated strongly with modern psychology
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이것은 ν˜„λŒ€ 심리학, μžκΈ°κ³„λ°œ μš΄λ™κ³Ό λ§₯락을 같이 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
and the self-help movement.
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04:37
For example, rational emotive behavioral therapy
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 합리적 μ •μ„œ 행동 μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ”
04:41
focuses on changing the self-defeating attitudes
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‚Άμ˜ 상황에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ”
04:44
people form about their life circumstances.
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자멸적인 νƒœλ„λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ”λ° μ§‘μ€‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
There's also Viktor Frankl's logotherapy.
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λΉ…ν„° ν”„λž­ν΄μ˜ λ‘œκ³ ν…ŒλΌν”Όλ„ μŠ€ν† μ•„ ν•˜κ°šμ˜ 영ν–₯을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
Informed by Frankl's own time as a concentration camp prisoner,
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ν”„λž­ν΄μ΄ μ•„μš°μŠˆλΉ„μΈ  μˆ˜μš©μ†Œμ—μ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  λ‘œκ³ ν…ŒλΌν”ΌλŠ”
04:57
logotherapy is based on the Stoic principle
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κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ•”μšΈν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλ„
04:59
that we can harness our will power to fill our lives with meaning,
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우리의 μ˜μ§€λ‘œ 삢에 의미λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
μŠ€ν† μ•„ μ² ν•™μ˜ 원리에 바탕을 λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
even in the bleakest situations.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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