How plants tell time - Dasha Savage

338,317 views ใƒป 2015-06-11

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Serin Choi ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jessica Kim
00:06
In the 18th century,
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18์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
00:08
Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus designed the flower clock,
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์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์ž ๋ฆฐ๋„ค๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
a timepiece made of flowering plants
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์‹œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ข…์ž์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:16
that bloom and close at specific times of day.
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๊ฝƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ค‘ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ํ”ผ๊ณ , ์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Linnaeus's plan wasn't perfect, but the idea behind it was correct.
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๋ฆฐ๋„ค์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Flowers can indeed sense time, after a fashion.
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๊ฝƒ๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
Mornings glories unfurl their petals like clockwork in the early morning.
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๋‚˜ํŒ”๊ฝƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์น˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ์— ๊ฝƒ์žŽ์„ ํŽผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
A closing white water lily signals that it's late afternoon,
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์ˆ˜๋ จ์ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์€ ์˜คํ›„๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ด๊ณ ,
00:38
and moon flowers, as the name suggests, only bloom under the night sky.
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๋ฐค๋ฉ”๊ฝƒ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์˜ค์ง ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ํ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
But what gives plants this innate sense of time?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:46
It's not just plants, in fact.
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์‹ค์€, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Many organisms on Earth have a seemingly inherent awareness
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:51
of where they are in the day's cycle.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
That's because of circadian rhythms,
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
the internal timekeepers that tick away inside many living things.
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์ฆ‰, ์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋˜‘๋”ฑ๋˜‘๋”ฑ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
These biological clocks allow organisms to keep track of time
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‹œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:06
and pick up on environmental cues that help them adapt.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ ์‘์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
That's important, because the planet's rotations and revolutions
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž์ „๊ณผ ๊ณต์ „์ด
01:14
put us in a state of constant flux,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:17
although it plays out in a repetitive, predictable way.
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Circadian rhythms incorporate various cues
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„,
01:23
to regulate when an organism should wake and sleep,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ธ์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ 
01:27
and perform certain activities.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
For plants, light and temperature are the cues which trigger reactions
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์‹๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:34
that play out at a molecular scale.
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
The cells in stems, leaves, and flowers contain phytochromes,
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์ค„๊ธฐ์™€ ์žŽ, ๊ฝƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:42
tiny molecules that detect light.
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ)์€ ๋น›์€ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
When that happens, phytochromes initiate a chain of chemical reactions,
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์ด๋•Œ, ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
01:49
passing the message down into the cellular nuclei.
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๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ•ต๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
There, transcription factors trigger the manufacture of proteins
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:57
required to carry out light-dependent processes,
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋น›์— ์˜์กด๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
like photosynthesis.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
These phytochromes not only sense the amount of light the plant receives,
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์ด ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์–‘๋งŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:07
but can also detect tiny differences
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๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€
02:09
in the distribution of wavelengths the plant takes in.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
With this fine-tuned sensing,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ
02:15
phytochromes allow the plant to discern both time,
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ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ,
02:18
the difference between the middle of the day and the evening,
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๋‚ฎ๊ณผ ๋ฐค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ,
02:21
and place, whether it is in direct sunlight or shade,
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์žฅ์†Œ์™€, ์ง์ ‘์  ํ–‡๋น› ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:26
enabling the plant to match its chemical reactions to its environment.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
This makes for early risers.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
A few hours before sunrise, a typical plant is already active,
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์ผ์ถœ ๋ช‡์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์ด๋ฉด, ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:37
creating mRNA templates for its photosynthesizing machinery.
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด MRNA(ํ•ต์‚ฐ) ํ˜•ํŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
As the phytochromes detect increasing sunlight,
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ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ์ด ํ–‡๋น›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:44
the plant readies its light-capturing molecules
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋น›์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
so it can photosynthesize and grow throughout the morning.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์•„์นจ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
After harvesting their morning light,
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์•„์นจ์˜ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ๋‚˜๋ฉด,
02:53
plants use the rest of the day to build long chains of energy
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ธด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
in the form of glucose polymers, like starch.
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๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋…น๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
The sun sets, and the day's work is done,
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ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์ง€๋ฉด ๋‚ฎ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ผ์€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ ,
03:04
though a plant is anything but inactive at night.
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
In the absence of sunlight,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ์‹๋ฌผ์€
03:09
they metabolize and grow,
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๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
breaking down the starch from the previous day's energy harvest.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ฎ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋…น๋ง์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‹œ์ผœ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Many plants have seasonal rhythms as well.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
As spring melts the winter frost,
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๋ด„์ด ๊ฒจ์šธ์˜ ์ˆฒ์„ ๋…น์ผ ๋•Œ,
03:20
phytochromes sense the longer days and increasing light,
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ํ”ผํ† ํฌ๋กฌ์€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:24
and a currently unknown mechanism detects the temperature change.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
These systems pass the news throughout the plant
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:31
and make it produce blooming flowers
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฝƒ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
in preparation for the pollinators brought out by warmer weather.
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ง„ ๋‚ ์”จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ž์˜ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
Circadian rhythms act as a link between a plant and its environment.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
03:41
These oscillations come from the plants themselves.
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์ด ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Each one has a default rhythm.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
Even so, these clocks can adapt their oscillations
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:50
to environmental changes and cues.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
On a planet that's in constant flux,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:55
it's the circadian rhythms that enable a plant to stay true to its schedule
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์ด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ค„์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
04:00
and to keep its own time.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ '์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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