Where do genes come from? - Carl Zimmer

967,384 views ใƒป 2014-09-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
You have about 20,000 genes in your DNA.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขืจืš 20,000 ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ DNA,
00:11
They encode the molecules that make up your body,
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ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:13
from the keratin in your toenails, to the collagen at the tip of your nose,
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ืžื”ืงืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืœืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื” ืืคื›ื,
00:17
to the dopamine surging around inside your brain.
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ืœื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื›ื.
00:21
Other species have genes of their own.
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื.
00:23
A spider has genes for spider silk.
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ืœืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
00:26
An oak tree has genes for chlorophyll, which turns sunlight into wood.
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ืœืขืฅ ืืœื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืœืขืฅ.
00:30
So where did all those genes come from?
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ืื– ืžืื™ืคื• ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•?
00:33
It depends on the gene.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ.
00:35
Scientists suspect that life started on Earth about 4 billion years ago.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
00:40
The early life forms were primitive microbes
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
00:42
with a basic set of genes for the basic tasks required to stay alive.
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ืขื ืกื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:47
They passed down those basic genes to their offspring
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ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:50
through billions of generations.
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ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
00:52
Some of them still do the same jobs in our cells today, like copying DNA.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง DNA.
00:57
But none of those microbes had genes for spider silk or dopamine.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
01:01
There are a lot more genes on Earth today than there were back then.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉื”ื™ื• ืื–.
01:06
It turns out that a lot of those extra genes were born from mistakes.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช.
01:11
Each time a cell divides, it makes new copies of its DNA.
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชื ืžืชื—ืœืง, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขืชืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื” DNA ืฉืœื•.
01:15
Sometimes it accidentally copies the same stretch of DNA twice.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข DNA ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
01:20
In the process, it may make an extra copy of one of its genes.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขืชืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:24
At first, the extra gene works the same as the original one.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:27
But over the generations, it may pick up new mutations.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:32
Those mutations may change how the new gene works,
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:35
and that new gene may duplicate again.
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ื•ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
01:38
A surprising number of our mutated genes emerged more recently;
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”;
01:41
many in just the past few million years.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:45
The youngest evolved after our own species broke off from our cousins, the apes.
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืฆืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•, ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:50
While it may take over a million years for a single gene to give rise
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืคืชื—
01:54
to a whole family of genes,
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ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื,
01:55
scientists are finding that once the new genes evolve,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื,
01:58
they can quickly take on essential functions.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:01
For example, we have hundreds of genes for the proteins in our noses
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ื ื•
02:06
that grab odor molecules.
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ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื—.
02:08
The mutations let them grab different molecules,
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:11
giving us the power to perceive trillions of different smells.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:14
Sometimes mutations have a bigger effect on new copies of genes.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
02:19
They may cause a gene to make its protein in a different organ,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
02:22
or at a different time of life,
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ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:25
or the protein may start doing a different job altogether.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:29
In snakes, for example, there's a gene that makes a protein for killing bacteria.
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ื‘ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:33
Long ago, the gene duplicated and the new copy mutated.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืชืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
02:38
That mutation changed the signal in the gene
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ
02:40
about where it should make its protein.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:43
Instead of becoming active in the snake's pacreas,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉ,
02:45
it started making this bacteria-killing protein in the snake's mouth.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื” ื”ื ื—ืฉ.
02:50
So when the snake bit its prey, this enzyme got into the animal's wound.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉ ื ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ, ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
02:55
And when this protein proved to have a harmful effect,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื–ื™ืงื”,
02:57
and helped the snake catch more prey,
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ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจืฃ,
03:00
it became favored.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ืฃ.
03:01
So now what was a gene in the pancreas makes a venom in the mouth
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืจืก ื‘ืคื”
03:05
that kills the snake's prey.
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉ.
03:07
And there are even more incredible ways to make a new gene.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:10
The DNA of animals and plants and other species
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ื” DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:13
contain huge stretches without any protein coding genes.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ ื’ื ื™ื.
03:18
As far as scientists can tell, its mostly random sequences
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ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจืฆืคื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื
03:22
of genetic gibberish that serve no function.
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ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฉืจืช ืฉื•ื ืžื˜ืจื”.
03:24
These stretches of DNA sometimes mutate, just like genes do.
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ื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ DNA ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ื.
03:28
Sometimes those mutations turn the DNA into a place
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื” DNA ืœืžืงื•ื
03:31
where a cell can start reading it.
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ื‘ื• ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
03:34
Suddenly the cell is making a new protein.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:36
At first, the protein may be useless, or even harmful,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื–ื™ืง,
03:40
but more mutations can change the shape of the protein.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
03:43
The protein may start doing something useful,
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ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ,
03:45
something that makes an organism healthier, stronger,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:48
better able to reproduce.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:50
Scientists have found these new genes at work in many parts of animal bodies.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:55
So our 20,000 genes have many origins,
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ืื– ืœ 20,000 ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช,
03:58
from the origin of life, to new genes still coming into existence from scratch.
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ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ื.
04:03
As long as life is here on Earth, it will be making new genes.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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