How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

8,853,495 views ใƒป 2013-10-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:07
10,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:08
a deadly virus arose in northeastern Africa.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:12
The virus spread through the air,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
00:13
attacking the skin cells,
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ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ,
00:15
bone marrow,
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ืžื— ืขืฆื,
00:16
spleen,
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ื˜ื—ื•ืœ,
00:17
and lymph nodes of its victims.
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ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
00:19
The unlucky infected developed fevers,
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ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ื•ื,
00:21
vomiting,
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ื”ืงืื•ืช,
00:22
and rashes.
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ื•ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:23
30% of infected people died
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30% ืžื”ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืชื•
00:26
during the second week of infection.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
00:28
Survivors bore scars and scabs
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืขื˜ื• ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื“ื™ ืขื•ืจ
00:31
for the rest of their lives.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:32
Smallpox had arrived.
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ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
00:35
In 1350 B.C., the first smallpox epidemics
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ื‘ 1350 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:39
hit during the Egypt-Hittite war.
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ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืชื™ื.
00:41
Egyptian prisoners spread smallpox
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ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•
00:43
to the Hittites,
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ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ืชื™ื,
00:44
which killed their king
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ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœื”ื
00:46
and devastated his civilization.
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ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:48
Insidiously, smallpox made its way around the world
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ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:51
via Egyptian merchants,
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ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื,
00:53
then through the Arab world with the Crusades,
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ื•ืื– ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืขื ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื,
00:56
and all the way to the Americas
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:57
with the Spanish and Portuguese conquests.
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื.
01:00
Since then, it has killed billions of people
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ืžืื–, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:03
with an estimated 300 to 500 million people
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ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ 300 ืขื“ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
01:06
killed in the 20th century alone.
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ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20 ืœื‘ื“ื”.
01:09
But smallpox is not unbeatable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—ื•ืช.
01:12
In fact, the fall of smallpox started
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
01:14
long before modern medicine.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:16
It began all the way back in 1022 A.D.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ 1022 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:19
According to a small book, called
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ืœืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจื
01:21
"The Correct Treatment of Small Pox,"
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"ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,"
01:23
a Buddhist nun living in a famous mountain
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ื ื–ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื
01:25
named O Mei Shan
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ื‘ืฉื ืื• ืžื™ื™ ืฉืŸ
01:26
in the southern providence of Sichuan
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ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืฆ'ื•ืืŸ
01:28
would grind up smallpox scabs
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื—ื ืช ื’ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
01:30
and blow the powder into nostrils of healthy people.
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ื•ื ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืœื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
01:33
She did this after noticing
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืžื” ืœื‘
01:34
that those who managed to survive smallpox
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”
01:36
never got it again,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘,
01:38
and her odd treatment worked.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื” ืขื‘ื“.
01:40
The procedure, called variolation,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ืจื™ืื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
01:42
slowly evolved
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ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืื˜
01:43
and by the 1700's,
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”16,
01:44
doctors were taking material from sores
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืคืฆืขื™ื
01:46
and putting them into healthy people
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
01:48
through four or five scratches on the arm.
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ื“ืจืš ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
01:51
This worked pretty well
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
01:52
as inoculated people would not get reinfected,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•,
01:55
but it wasn't foolproof.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:57
Up to three percent of people
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:58
would still die after being exposed to the puss.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืžื•ื’ืœื”.
02:02
It wasn't until English physician Edward Jenner
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื’'ื ืจ
02:04
noticed something interesting about dairy maids
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ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื‘ื•ืช
02:07
that we got our modern solution.
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ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:09
At age 13, while Jenner was apprentice
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’'ื ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื™ื”
02:11
to a country surgeon and apothecary
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ืœืžื ืชื— ื›ืคืจื™ ื•ืจื•ืงื—
02:13
in Sodbury, near Bristol,
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ื‘ืกื•ื“ื‘ืจื™, ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ,
02:15
he heard a dairy maid say,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ื ืขืจื” ื—ื•ืœื‘ืช ืื•ืžืจืช,
02:17
"I shall never have smallpox, for I have had cowpox.
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"ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืช.
02:20
I shall never have an ugly, pockmarked face."
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืคื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช."
02:22
Cowpox is a skin disease
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ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื”
02:24
that resembles smallpox and infects cows.
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืคืจื•ืช.
02:27
Later on, as a physician,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืจื•ืคื,
02:28
he realized that she was right,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื”,
02:30
women who got cowpox didn't develop
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืช ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
02:32
the deadly smallpox.
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ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
02:34
Smallpox and cowpox viruses are from the same family.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
02:37
But when a virus infects an unfamiliar host,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžืืจื— ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ,
02:40
in this case cowpox infecting a human,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืื“ื,
02:42
it is less virulent,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืง,
02:43
so Jenner decided to test
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ืื– ื’'ื ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช
02:45
whether the cowpox virus could be used
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ืื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ
02:47
to protect against smallpox.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:50
In May 1796, Jenner found a young dairy maid,
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ื‘ืžืื™ 1796, ื’'ื ืจ ืžืฆื ื—ื•ืœื‘ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”,
02:53
Sarah Nelmes,
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ืฉืจื” ื ืœืžืก,
02:54
who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hand and arm
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืคืฆืขื™ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”
02:57
caught from the utters of a cow named Blossom.
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ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ ืคืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืœื•ืกื•ื.
02:59
Using matter from her pustules,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื’ืœื” ืžื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื”,
03:01
he inoculated James Phipps,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืกืŸ ืืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคื™ืคืก,
03:03
the eight-year-old son of his gardener.
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ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
03:05
After a few days of fever and discomfort,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
03:08
the boy seemed to recover.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
03:09
Two months later, Jenner inoculated the boy again,
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’'ื ืจ ื—ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘,
03:12
this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion.
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ื”ืคืขื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืคืฆืข ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™.
03:16
No disease developed,
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ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืœื”,
03:17
and Jenner concluded that protection was complete.
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ื•ื’'ื ืจ ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
03:20
His plan had worked.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:22
Jenner later used the cowpox virus
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ื’'ื ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช
03:24
in several other people
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ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
03:25
and challenged them repeatedly with smallpox,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืง ืื•ืชื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:28
proving that they were immune to the disease.
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื”.
03:30
With this procedure,
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ืขื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
03:31
Jenner invented the smallpox vaccination.
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ื’'ื ืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:34
Unlike variolation, which used actual smallpox virus
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•
03:37
to try to protect people,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:38
vaccination used the far less dangerous cowpox virus.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:42
The medical establishment,
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ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™,
03:43
cautious then as now,
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ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื– ื›ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:45
deliberated at length over his findings
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ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื
03:47
before accepting them.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื.
03:49
But eventually vaccination was gradually accepted
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื
03:52
and variolation became prohibited in England in 1840.
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ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืกื•ืจื”
ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ 1840.
03:55
After large vaccination campaigns
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
03:57
throughout the 19th and 20th centuries,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19 ื•ื” 20,
04:00
the World Health Organization certified
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–
04:02
smallpox's eradication in 1979.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ 1979.
04:05
Jenner is forever remembered
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ื’'ื ืจ ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืชืžื™ื“
04:07
as the father of immunology,
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:09
but let's not forget the Buddhist nun,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉืจื” ื ืœืžืก,
04:11
dairy maid Sarah Nelmes, and James Phipps,
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ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ืœื•ืกื•ื,
ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืคื™ืคืก,
04:13
all heroes in this great adventure of vaccination
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ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ืื“ื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:16
who helped eradicate smallpox.
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ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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