The past, present and future of the bubonic plague - Sharon N. DeWitte

1,669,411 views ใƒป 2014-08-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Imagine if half the people in your neighborhood, your city,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:10
or even your whole country were wiped out.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืžื—ื•.
00:12
It might sound like something out of an apocalyptic horror film,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืจื˜ ืื™ืžื” ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™,
00:16
but it actually happened in the 14th century
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” 14
00:19
during a disease outbreak known as the Black Death.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
00:22
Spreading from China through Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืžืกื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืกื™ื”, ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:26
the devastating epidemic destroyed as much as 1/5 of the world's population,
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ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:31
killing nearly 50% of Europeans in just four years.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 50% ืžื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:36
One of the most fascinating and puzzling things abut the Black Death
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
00:39
is that the illness itself was not a new phenomenon
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:42
but one that has affected humans for centuries.
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ืืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:45
DNA analysis of bone and tooth samples from this period,
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— DNA ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื”,
00:48
as well as an earlier epidemic known as the Plague of Justinian in 541 CE,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื’ืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื’ืคืช ื’'ื•ืกื˜ื ื™ืืŸ ื‘ 541 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:54
has revealed that both were caused by Yersinia pestis,
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ืข ื”ื™ืจืกื™ื ื™ื”,
00:57
the same bacterium that causes bubonic plague today.
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ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:02
What this means is that the same disease caused by the same pathogen
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ
01:06
can behave and spread very differently throughout history.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:10
Even before the use of antibiotics, the deadliest oubreaks in modern times,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
01:14
such as the ones that occurred in early 20th century India,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
01:17
killed no more than 3% of the population.
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ื”ืจื’ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 3% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:21
Modern instances of plague also tend to remain localized,
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
01:24
or travel slowly, as they are spread by rodent fleas.
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ืื• ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื.
01:28
But the medieval Black Death, which spread like wildfire,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื,
01:31
was most likely communicated directly from one person to another.
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ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:35
And because genetic comparisons of ancient to modern strains of Yersinia pestis
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ืข ื”ื™ืจืกื™ื ื”
01:39
have not revealed any significantly functional genetic differences,
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ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:43
the key to why the earlier outbreak was so much deadlier
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืœืžื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช
01:46
must lie not in the parasite but the host.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฆื ืœื ื‘ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืืœื ื‘ืžืืจื—.
01:49
For about 300 years during the High Middle Ages,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืžืฆืข ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:52
a warmer climate and agricultural improvements
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ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
01:54
had led to explosive population growth throughout Europe.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:58
But with so many new mouths to feed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ,
02:00
the end of this warm period spelled disaster.
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ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืŸ.
02:03
High fertility rates combined with reduced harvest,
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ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื,
02:06
meant the land could no longer support its population,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:09
while the abundant supply of labor kept wages low.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
02:13
As a result, most Europeans in the early 14th century
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 14
02:16
experienced a steady decline in living standards,
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ื—ื•ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:19
marked by famine, poverty and poor health, leaving them vulnerable to infection.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืขื‘, ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:24
And indeed, the skeletal remains of Black Death victims found in London
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
02:28
show telltale signs of malnutrition and prior illness.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
02:32
The destruction caused by the Black Death changed humanity in two important ways.
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ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:37
On a societal level, the rapid loss of population
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
02:40
led to important changes in Europe's economic conditions.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:43
With more food to go around,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
02:45
as well as more land and better pay for the surviving farmers and workers,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื,
02:49
people began to eat better and live longer as studies of London cemeteries have shown.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•.
02:55
Higher living standards also brought an increase in social mobility,
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ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื’ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
02:58
weakening feudalism, and eventually leading to political reforms.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:03
But the plague also had an important biological impact.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื’ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:06
The sudden death of so many of the most frail and vulnerable people
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ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
03:10
left behind a population with a significantly different gene pool,
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื ืžืื’ืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
03:14
including genes that may have helped survivors resist the disease.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขื–ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื—ืœื”.
03:17
And because such mutations often confer immunities
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:20
to multiple pathogens that work in similar ways,
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
03:23
research to discover the genetic consequences of the Black Death
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ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
03:26
has the potential to be hugely beneficial.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
03:29
Today, the threat of an epidemic on the scale of the Black Death
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
03:32
has been largely eliminated thanks to antibiotics.
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ื ืžื ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:35
But the bubonic plague continues to kill a few thousand people worldwide every year,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:40
and the recent emergence of a drug-resistant strain
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
03:43
threatens the return of darker times.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:45
Learning more about the causes and effects of the Black Death is important,
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:49
not just for understanding how our world has been shaped by the past.
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
03:53
It may also help save us from a similar nightmare in the future.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืกื™ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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