A brief history of video games (Part I) - Safwat Saleem

1,260,602 views ใƒป 2013-08-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alex Delizonas
00:08
Hi, I'm Medium Invader
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ื”ื™, ืื ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™
00:10
from the classic video game Space Invaders,
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ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
00:12
and I want to tell you a little bit
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
00:14
about where video games came from.
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ืขืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
00:17
A video game is an electronic game
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™
00:19
that has an interface designed for human interaction
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
00:23
on a video device.
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ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
00:25
Simple.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜.
00:26
Video games are used by scientists,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
00:29
the military,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื,
00:30
and people like you,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
00:31
and their evolution has spread across arcades,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
00:35
consoles,
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00:35
computers,
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ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื•ืช,
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:36
smart phones,
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ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื,
00:37
and all kinds of other electronics.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
00:40
These days video games are everywhere,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:42
but they were actually made in science labs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืข.
00:45
In fact, the earliest U.S. video game patent on record
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:49
was in 1948,
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ืฉืžืชื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ืž 1948,
00:50
and at the time it was referred to
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื•
00:52
as a cathode-ray tube amusement device.
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ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขื ืฉืคื•ืคื•ืช ืงืจืŸ ืงื˜ื•ื“ื™ืช.
00:56
That's a mouthful!
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื!
00:57
Some of the earliest video games include
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ
00:59
the Nimrod computer,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ืžืจื•ื“,
01:01
OXO,
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OXO,
01:02
Tennis for Two,
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ื˜ื ื™ืก ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื,
01:04
and my personal favorite, Spacewar!
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ!
01:08
But none of these early video games
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:10
were ever sold to the public
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ืœื ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:12
because they were either too huge
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™
01:14
or too expensive
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ืื• ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื™
01:15
to get out of the lab.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:17
This all changed when a man named Ralph Baer
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื›ืฉืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืจืืœืฃ ื‘ืจ
01:20
looked at his television screen and wondered
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืชื”ื”
01:23
how else it might be used.
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ืื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
01:25
In 1972, Baer's idea to get video games
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ื‘ 1972, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
01:28
out of the science lab and into the living room
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ
01:31
led to the release of a game console
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
01:33
called Odyssey.
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ื‘ืฉื ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™.
01:34
Odyssey allowed you to play a game on your TV.
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ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
01:39
At about the same time,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:40
two other people, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney,
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ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉื ืœ ื•ื˜ื“ ื“ืื‘ื ื™,
01:43
were working on something similar
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”
01:45
in a little company called Atari.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืื˜ืจื™.
01:47
You might have heard of it,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”,
01:49
and even if you haven't,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื,
01:50
I'm sure that your Dad has.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื‘ื™ื›ื ืฉืžืข.
01:52
Atari's first major game release was in 1972,
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื˜ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1972,
01:56
an arcade game called Pong.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื•ื ื’.
01:58
It was an immediate hit,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
01:59
and it's credited
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข
02:00
as the first commercially successful video game.
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ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
02:03
Atari then released a home version of Pong in 1974.
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ืื˜ืจื™ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืื– ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื’ ื‘ 1974.
02:06
By 1978, competition between Atari
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ืขื“ 1978, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืจื™
02:09
and another game company called Midway
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™
02:12
was heating up.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”.
02:13
Midway had licensed an arcade game
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ืœืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™ ื ืชื ื” ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“
02:14
for the Japanese company, Taito,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื˜ืื™ื˜ื•,
02:16
that put them on the map.
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”.
02:17
The game:
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง:
02:19
Space Invaders.
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ืคื•ืœืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
02:20
It featured iconic actors, like me,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
02:23
and it went on to become
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ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
02:24
the second highest selling arcade game of all time.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
02:28
Space Invaders also helped kick off
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ืคื•ืœืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
02:30
what is known as the Golden Age of Arcade Games.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“.
02:32
In response, Atari followed
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื•
02:34
with the release of the arcade game Asteroids,
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ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ืก,
02:36
which ranked sixth on the list
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ืฉืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”
02:38
of highest selling arcade games.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื›ืจื™ื.
02:39
It was a good game,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:40
but it's no Space Invaders.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
02:43
By 1980, color came to arcade games,
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ืขื“ 1980, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“,
02:46
and this was also the year
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ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”
02:48
that another video gaming milestone was born.
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ืฉืขื•ื“ ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
02:51
Pac-Man, created by the Japanese company Namco,
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ืคืืง-ืžืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ืžืงื•,
02:53
was brought to the U.S. by Midway.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ื•ื™.
02:55
Important to the spread
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืคื•ืฆืช
02:57
of video games into popular culture,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:59
Pac-Man was a character that could be licensed.
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ืคืืง-ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:01
It wasn't long before it had a song on the charts,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื,
03:04
a Saturday morning television show,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
03:06
and all sorts of other products.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
03:08
In just a year, Pac-Man arcade games
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืืง-ืžืŸ
03:10
made over one billion dollars in quarters.
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช.
03:14
Then, in 1981, a company called Nintendo
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ืื–, ื‘ 1981, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื•
03:17
started making waves in the U.S. video game market
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:19
with their release of Donkey Kong.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื”ื ื“ื•ื ืงื™ ืงื•ื ื’.
03:22
It was the earliest video game
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:23
to have a story line.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขืœื™ืœื”.
03:24
The story went a bit like this:
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ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื–ืืช:
03:26
Donkey Kong is the pet
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ื“ื•ื ืงื™ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“
03:28
of a carpenter named Jumpman.
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ืฉืœ ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืืžืคืžืŸ.
03:30
Jumpman mistreats his pet ape,
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ื’'ืืžืคืžืŸ ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื•,
03:32
so the ape steals his girlfriend,
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
03:34
leaving the game player to assume the role
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“
03:36
of Jumpman and rescue the girl.
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ื’'ืืžืคืžืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”.
03:38
Jumpman was eventually renamed to Mario.
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ื’'ืืžืคืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืžืจื™ื•.
03:41
Other iconic arcade games from the early 80s include
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 ื›ืœืœื• ืืช
03:44
Frogger,
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ืคืจื•ื’ืจ,
03:46
Dragon's Lair,
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ืžืื•ืจืช ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ,
03:47
and Mario Brothers.
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ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžืจื™ื•.
03:50
Perhaps the last iconic game considered
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ืืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘
03:52
to be part of the Golden Age of Arcade Games
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“
03:54
is Double Dragon.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ.
03:55
It was the first really successful example
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:57
of the beat-them-up genre.
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ืœื’'ืื ืจ ื”ื”ื›ื”- ืื•ืชื.
03:59
It was released in 1987,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ 1987,
04:01
and, like Donkey Kong,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื ืงื™ ืงื•ื ื’,
04:02
it featured a damsel in distress storyline,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
04:05
a storyline common in many video games.
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ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
04:09
By the mid-90s, the Golden Age of Arcade Games
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ืขืœ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90, ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืืจืงื™ื™ื“
04:11
was coming to an end,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืคื•,
04:13
and the home game console
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ื•ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื•ืช
04:14
was gaining in popularity.
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ืฆื‘ืจื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
04:16
While arcade games continued
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืืจืงื™ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื•
04:17
to decline in sales over the years,
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ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
04:19
the popularity of video games was merely beginning,
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ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืจืง ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
04:22
and we'll talk about that
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”
04:23
and a lot more
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:24
in part two of a brief history of video games.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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