Do tax cuts stimulate the economy? - Jonathan Smith

370,158 views ใƒป 2022-05-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
When President Ronald Reagan began his first term in 1981,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ 1981,
00:11
the US economy was struggling.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื ืื‘ืงื”.
00:13
Unemployment rates were high and getting higher,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช,
00:16
and in 1979, inflation had peaked at an all-time high for peacetime.
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ื•ื‘ 1979, ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ื.
00:22
In an effort to combat these issues,
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ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:24
Reagan's administration introduced a number of economic policies,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
00:28
including tax cuts for large corporations and high-income earners.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
00:33
The idea was that tax savings for the rich
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
00:37
would cause extra money to trickle down to everyone else,
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืกืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
00:40
and for that reason,
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ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:41
these policies are often referred to as trickle-down economics.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื—ึดืœื—ื•ืœ.
00:46
From the 80s to the late 90s,
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ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 ืœืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90,
00:48
the US saw one of its longest and strongest periods
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืืชื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
00:51
of economic growth in history.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:54
Median income rose, as did rates of job creation.
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœืชื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืงืฆื‘ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:58
Since then, many politicians have invoked trickle-down theory
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ืžืื–, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื—ึดืœื—ื•ืœ
01:01
as a justification for tax cutsโ€”
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ื›ืชืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื --
01:04
but did these policies actually work,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:07
either in the sense of stimulating economic growth,
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ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
01:09
or in terms of improving circumstances for Americans?
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ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื?
01:13
Would they work in other circumstances?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
01:16
To answer these questions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:17
the main things to consider are whether the impact of the tax cut
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื™ืกื™ื
01:20
on the governmentโ€™s tax revenue is harmful,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื–ื™ืงื”,
01:24
whether the money saved in taxes actually stimulates the economy,
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ื•ืื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื—ืกืš ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
01:28
and whether stimulating the economy actually improves peopleโ€™s lives.
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ื•ืื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืฉืคืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:33
The idea behind tax cuts is that if taxes are too high,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™,
01:36
people will be less willing to work,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
01:38
which would ultimately decrease tax revenue.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžื™ืกื™ื.
01:41
So at a lower tax rate, the government might actually gain more tax money
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ืื– ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžืกื™ื
01:46
that it can theoretically put towards improving life for its citizens,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืชืื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
01:50
because people will work more when they get to keep more of their earnings.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:55
Of course, thereโ€™s a limit to how much the government can cut taxes:
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื:
01:58
at a zero tax rate there is no tax revenue regardless of how much people are working.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืืคืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
02:04
So while cuts from a very high tax rate might be fine,
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืจืžืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
02:07
cuts from a lower tax rate might be counterproductive,
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ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืžืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
02:11
hampering the government's ability to accomplish crucial things.
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ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:14
Tax rates were extremely high when Reagan took office.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“.
02:17
His administration cut the highest income tax bracket from 70% to 28%
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœื• ื—ืชืš ืืช ืžื“ืจื’ืช ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 70% ืœ 28%
02:23
and corporation tax from 48% to 34%.
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ื•ืžืก ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืž 48% ืœ 34%.
02:28
By comparison, as of early 2021,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2021,
02:31
those rates were 37% and 21% respectively.
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ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” 37% ื• 21% ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”.
02:35
When tax rates are lower, tax cuts for the wealthy can be harmful.
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ื›ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:39
For example, in 2012 to 2013,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ 2012 ืขื“ 2013,
02:42
lawmakers cut the top tax-rate in the state of Kansas by almost 30%
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ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืžืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื ื–ืก ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 30%
02:47
and reduced some business tax rates to zero.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืืคืก.
02:51
As a result, the governmentโ€™s balance sheet immediately fell
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืคืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
02:54
into negative territory and did not recover,
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ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืงื,
02:57
implying that wealthy individuals and companies did not invest
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•
03:00
back into the economy.
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ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
03:02
In short, the money did not trickle down.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืžื˜ื”.
03:06
This appears to be a trend:
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ืžื’ืžื”:
03:08
in a study over multiple periods of history and across 18 countries,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ 18 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
03:12
The London School of Economics found that cutting taxes
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื
03:16
increased the wealth of the top 1% of people,
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
03:19
but had little effect on the economy as a whole.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
03:22
In order for tax cuts for the rich to truly stimulate the economy,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืคื—ืชื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
03:26
they would have to spend the saved money
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื—ืกืš
03:29
putting it back into, for example, local businessesโ€”
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื --
03:32
but this isnโ€™t what happens in practice.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:35
No economic policy operates in isolation:
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ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“:
03:38
each time and place is unique with multiple policies in place simultaneously,
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ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:43
so there is only ever one test case for each set of scenarios.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
03:47
This makes it difficult to deliver definitive rulings on whether
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ืœืกืคืง ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื
03:51
an economic policy worked,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
03:52
whether something else might have worked better,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:54
or whether it would work in a different situation.
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ืื• ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ.
03:57
And yet, rhetoric around trickle-down economics,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื—ืœื—ื•ืœ,
04:01
both during the Reagan era and since,
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ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ืžืื–,
04:03
often promises something definitive:
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™:
04:06
that spending by societyโ€™s richest members on things other than taxes
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืกื™ื
04:11
directly improves the financial circumstances of the less wealthy.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
04:15
And thereโ€™s not much evidence to support that.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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