Why isn't the world covered in poop? - Eleanor Slade and Paul Manning

5,506,462 views ใƒป 2018-03-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Somewhere near you, an animal is defecating.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื›ื, ืžื—ืจื‘ื ืช ื—ื™ื”.
00:11
In fact, each day, the animal kingdom produces roughly enough dung
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืฆื•ืื”
00:15
to match the volume of water pouring over the Victoria Falls.
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ื›ืžื• ื ืคื— ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืคืœื™ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:21
So why isnโ€™t the planet covered in the stuff?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื–ื”?
00:24
You can thank the humble dung beetle for eating up the excess.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื”.
00:29
Capable of burying 250 times their body weight in a single night,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ 250 ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“.
00:34
these valiant insects make quick work of an endless stream of feces.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ืจื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื”.
00:40
Over 7,000 known species of dung beetle run clean-up duty across six continents
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 7,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช
00:46
โ€”everywhere except Antarctica.
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-- ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:48
A dung beetleโ€™s first task is to locate dung.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืฆื•ืื”.
00:51
Some live on the anal regions of larger animals,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:54
ready to leap off when they defecate.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
00:57
Others sniff out feces that animals leave behind.
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ืื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
01:01
A pile of elephant dung can attract 4,000 beetles in 15 minutes.
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ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืืช ืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš 4,000 ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:07
So once a beetle finds dung,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฆื•ืื”.
01:08
it must work quickly to secure some of the bounty for itself.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœืœ ืœืขืฆืžื”.
01:12
Most dung beetle species fall into one of three main groups:
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
01:16
rollers,
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ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
01:17
tunnelers,
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ืžืชืขืœื•ืช,
01:18
and dwellers.
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ื•ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
01:21
Dung rollers sculpt a ball of dung, and using their back legs,
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ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืคืกืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื”, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:25
quickly roll it away from competitors.
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ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.
01:28
Potential partners jump on the ball,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
01:30
and once the ball-maker has selected their mate,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ/ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’,
01:32
the pair dig their dung ball into the soil.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:36
Once itโ€™s been buried, the female lays a single egg within the dung ball.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืื”.
01:41
Tunnelers have a different approach.
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ืœืžืชืขืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:43
Digging underneath a pat, some drag dung down into the soil
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืื”, ื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”
01:47
and pack it into clumps known as brood balls,
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ื•ื“ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื’ื™ืจื”,
01:50
dung balls,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฆื•ืื”,
01:52
or dung โ€œsausages,โ€ depending on their shape and size.
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ืื• "ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช" ืฆื•ืื”, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:56
Male tunnelers sport a spectacular array of horns
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ืœืžืชืขืœื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื
02:00
to fight each other for control of these tunnels,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:02
which they then defend until the femaleโ€™s laid her egg.
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ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”.
02:06
Some male tunnelers avoid the fray by masquerading as hornless females
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ื›ืžื” ืžืชืขืœื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ื™ื
02:12
and sneaking into tunnels to mate while the guardiansโ€™ heads are turned.
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ื•ืžืชื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื.
02:16
The third group of dung beetles, dwellers,
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื,
02:19
take the most straightforward approach,
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ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
02:21
laying their eggs directly into a dung pat.
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ื”ื˜ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฆื•ืื”.
02:25
This makes their offspring more vulnerable to predation
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืจื™ืคื”
02:28
than those of the tunnelers and rollers.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื.
02:30
As the larvae feed, they riddle the dung pat with tunnels,
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช,
02:34
leaving remains that are quickly colonized by bacteria and fungi and weathered away.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:39
Inside a tunnel, ball, or pat, once the larvae hatch,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื”, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืขืจืžื”,
02:43
they consume the dung before metamorphosing into a pupa
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื
02:47
and then an adult beetle.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
02:50
Besides clearing dung, the actions of these beetles
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืื”, ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:53
have considerable ecological importance.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
02:56
For one, they serve as secondary seed dispersers.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื›ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:00
Dung from monkeys,
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ืฆื•ืื” ืžืงื•ืคื™ื,
03:02
wild pigs,
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03:02
and other animals is riddled with seeds from the fruits they eat.
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
03:06
When beetles bury their dung balls,
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:08
they inadvertently protect these seeds from predators
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ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
03:12
and increase the likelihood theyโ€™ll germinate.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•.
03:15
The advantage is so great that one South African plant
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืฆืžื— ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืื—ื“
03:18
has evolved to produce seeds that look and smell like dung
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ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืื”
03:22
to trick beetles into burying them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
03:25
Dung beetles also play important roles in agricultural systems.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
03:30
Livestock, like cows and sheep, produce huge amounts of dung,
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ืžืงื ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื”
03:34
which contains nutrients that can benefit plants.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:37
The beetles break up the dung and tunnel it deep into the soil,
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื•ืžืชืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจืงืข,
03:41
bringing the nutrients into close contact with plant roots.
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ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:45
Their services to farmers have been valued at $380 million a year in the US
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ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-380 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:51
and ยฃ367 million a year in the UK.
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ื•-367 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
03:56
Dung beetles can even help us battle global warming
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
03:59
by reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with farming.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
04:03
Microbes living in oxygen-poor livestock dung
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื” ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ
04:06
produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชืืŸ, ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื” ื—ื–ืง.
04:10
But beetles oxygenate pats when they tunnel into them,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ,
04:14
preventing the microbes from producing methane.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชืืŸ.
04:17
The dung beetle spreads seeds,
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืคื–ืจื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื,
04:19
helps farmers,
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ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ื,
04:20
and fights climate change
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ื•ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:22
โ€”and accomplishes it all simply by doing its business.
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-- ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ.
04:26
Maybe next time you come across some dung in the forest or a field,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”,
04:30
youโ€™ll be tempted to take a closer look.
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ืชืขื™ืคื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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