Four ways to understand the Earth's age - Joshua M. Sneideman

689,429 views ใƒป 2013-08-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
How old is the Earth?
0
6838
2010
ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
00:08
Well, by counting the number of isotopes
1
8848
2018
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื
00:10
in a sample of rock
2
10866
1346
ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืกืœืข
00:12
that's undergone radioactive decay,
3
12212
2108
ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
00:14
geologists have estimated the Earth's birthday,
4
14320
2223
ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:16
when it first formed from a solar nebula,
5
16543
2330
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจืคื™ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
00:18
to be 4.6 billion years ago.
6
18873
3029
ืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:21
But just how long is that really?
7
21902
2307
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช?
00:24
Here's some analogies
8
24209
1080
ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:25
that might help you understand.
9
25289
1972
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
00:27
For example, let's imagine the entire history of Earth
10
27261
3273
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:30
until the present day
11
30534
1342
ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:31
as a single calendar year.
12
31876
2043
ื›ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช.
00:33
On January 1st, the Earth begins to form.
13
33919
3205
ื‘ 1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
00:37
By March 3rd, there's the first evidence
14
37124
2335
ื‘ 3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
00:39
of single-celled bacteria.
15
39459
1827
ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื.
00:41
Life remains amazingly unicellular until November 11th
16
41286
3564
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืขื“ 11 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ
00:44
when the first multicellular organisms,
17
44850
2465
ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ ืชืื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:47
known as the Ediacaran fauna, come along.
18
47315
2831
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืคืื•ื ื” ืื“ื™ืืงืจื ื™ืช, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
00:50
Shortly thereafter, on November 16th at 6:08 p.m.
19
50146
3975
ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ ืฉืขื” 18:08
00:54
is the Cambrian Explosion of life,
20
54121
2288
ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืืžื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:56
a major milestone,
21
56409
1167
ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
00:57
when all of the modern phyla started to appear.
22
57576
3098
ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
01:01
On December 10th at 1:26 p.m.,
23
61412
2461
ื‘ 10 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ื‘ 13:26
01:03
the dinosaurs first evolve
24
63873
1839
ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:05
but are wiped out by an asteroid
25
65712
1581
ืื‘ืœ ื ืžื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“
01:07
just two weeks later.
26
67293
1997
ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
01:09
On December 31st, the mighty Roman empire
27
69290
2504
ื‘ 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”
01:11
rises and falls in just under four seconds.
28
71794
3158
ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื ื•ืคืœืช ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:14
And Columbus sets sail
29
74952
1085
ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืžืคืœื™ื’
01:16
for what he thinks is India
30
76037
1467
ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:17
at three seconds to midnight.
31
77504
1874
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช.
01:20
If you try to write the history of the Earth
32
80116
1955
ืื ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:22
using just one page per year,
33
82071
2088
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื”,
01:24
your book would be 145 miles thick,
34
84159
2916
ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 232 ืง"ืž,
01:27
more than half the distance
35
87075
1370
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง
01:28
to the international space station.
36
88445
2372
ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
01:30
The story of the 3.2 million year-old
37
90817
2188
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ืกื™,
01:33
Australopithecine fossil known as Lucy
38
93005
2696
ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ื˜ืงื™ืช ื‘ืช 3.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
01:35
would be found on the 144th mile,
39
95701
2670
ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืง"ืž ื”231,
01:38
just over 500 feet from the end of the book.
40
98371
2923
ื›- 160 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ.
01:42
The United States of America's Declaration of Independence
41
102062
2810
ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
01:44
would be signed in the last half-inch.
42
104872
2423
ืชื™ื—ืชื ื‘ืก"ืž ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
01:47
Or if we compared geologic time
43
107295
2031
ืื• ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™
01:49
to a woman stretching her arms
44
109326
1423
ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”
01:50
to a span of six feet,
45
110749
1658
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
01:52
the simple act of filing her nails
46
112407
1924
ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฃ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
01:54
would wipe away all of recorded human history.
47
114331
3135
ืชื™ืžื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:57
Finally, let's imagine the history of the Earth as your life:
48
117466
3233
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื—ื™ื™ื›ื:
02:00
from the moment you're born
49
120699
1227
ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ืชื
02:01
to your first day of high school.
50
121926
1964
ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:03
Your first word,
51
123890
1179
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
02:05
first time sitting up,
52
125069
1121
ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื,
02:06
and first time walking
53
126190
1462
ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื
02:07
would all take place while life on Earth
54
127652
2042
ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
02:09
was comprised of single-celled organisms.
55
129694
3066
ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื.
02:12
In fact, the first multicellular organism
56
132760
2488
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืจื‘ ืชืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:15
wouldn't evolve until you were 12 years old
57
135248
1908
ืœื ื™ืชืคืชื— ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื ื™ 12
02:17
and starting 7th grade,
58
137156
1535
ื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ื™ืชื” ื–',
02:18
right around the time
59
138691
893
ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:19
your science teacher is telling the class
60
139584
1692
ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื”
02:21
how fossils are formed.
61
141276
2109
ืื™ืš ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
02:23
The dinosaurs don't appear
62
143385
1194
ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•
02:24
until three months into 8th grade
63
144579
1947
ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื—'
02:26
and are soon wiped out right around spring break.
64
146526
3154
ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืคืกื—.
02:29
Three days before 9th grade begins,
65
149680
1914
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืชื” ื˜' ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”,
02:31
when you realize summer is over
66
151594
1577
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื ื’ืžืจ
02:33
and you need new school supplies,
67
153171
1706
ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
02:34
Lucy, the Australopithecine, is walking around Africa.
68
154877
3759
ืœื•ืกื™, ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื•ืคื™ื˜ืงื™ืช, ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:38
As you finish breakfast
69
158636
1219
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
02:39
and head outside to catch your bus
70
159855
1843
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก
02:41
44 minutes before school,
71
161698
1978
44 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
02:43
the Neanderthals are going extinct throughout Europe.
72
163676
3251
ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจืชืœื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:47
The most recent glacial period
73
167819
1371
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:49
ends as your bus drops you off
74
169190
1666
ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืชื›ื
02:50
16 minutes before class.
75
170856
1966
16 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
02:52
Columbus sets sail 50 seconds before class
76
172822
2966
ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืžืคืœื™ื’ 50 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
02:55
as you're still trying to find the right classroom.
77
175788
2917
ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:58
The Declaration of Independence is signed
78
178705
1847
ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื—ืชืžืช
03:00
28 seconds later
79
180552
1801
28 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:02
as you look for an empty seat.
80
182353
1853
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืกื ืจื™ืง.
03:04
And you were born 1.3 seconds before the bell rings.
81
184206
3942
ื•ืืชื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื 1.3 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ.
03:08
So, you see, the Earth is extremely,
82
188656
2151
ืื–, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื•ื“
03:10
unbelievably old
83
190807
1323
ื–ืงืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืืžืŸ
03:12
compared to us humans
84
192130
1462
ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
03:13
with a fossil record
85
193592
1262
ืขื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
03:14
hiding incredible stories to tell us about the past
86
194854
3031
ืฉืžื—ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
03:17
and possibly the future as well.
87
197885
2073
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
03:19
But in the short time we've been here,
88
199958
1755
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื”,
03:21
we've learned so much
89
201713
1328
ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:23
and will surely learn more
90
203041
1622
ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืœืžื“ ืขื•ื“
03:24
over the next decades and centuries,
91
204663
1900
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
03:26
near moments in geological time.
92
206563
2624
ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7