Is there a difference between art and craft? - Laura Morelli

723,106 views ใƒป 2014-03-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
When you hear the word art,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
00:08
what comes to mind?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
00:10
A painting, like the Mona Lisa,
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื”,
00:12
or a famous sculpture or a building?
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ืื• ืคืกืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ?
00:14
What about a vase or a quilt or a violin?
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ืžื” ืขื ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืื• ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ?
00:17
Are those things art, too, or are they craft?
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ื”ืื ืืœื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื”?
00:21
And what's the difference anyway?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
00:23
It turns out that the answer is not so simple.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
00:26
A spoon or a saddle may be finely wrought,
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ื›ืฃ ืื• ืื•ื›ืฃ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:29
while a monument may be, well, uninspired.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื”.
00:33
Just as not every musical instrument is utilitarian,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™,
00:36
not every painting or statue is made for its own sake.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืคืกืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
00:40
But if it's so tricky to separate art from craft,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
00:43
then why do we distinguish objects in this way?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•?
00:46
You could say it's the result
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื”
00:48
of a dramatic historical turn of events.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
00:50
It might seem obvious to us today
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
00:52
to view people, such as da Vinci or Michelangelo,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™ ืื• ืžื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•,
00:55
as legendary artists,
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ื›ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื’ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:57
and, of course, they possessed extraordinary talents,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
01:00
but they also happened to live in the right place
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:02
at the right time,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:04
because shortly before their lifetimes
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
01:06
the concept of artists hardly existed.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
01:10
If you had chanced to step into a medieval European workshop,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืœืกื“ื ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:13
you would have witnessed a similar scene,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกืฆื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”,
01:15
no matter whether the place belonged to
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš
01:17
a stonemason, a goldsmith, a hatmaker,
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ืœื—ืจืฉ ืื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ืจืฃ, ื›ื•ื‘ืขืŸ,
01:20
or a fresco painter.
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ืื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืคืจืกืงื•.
01:21
The master, following a strict set of guild statutes,
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ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ, ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืงืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
01:25
insured that apprentices and journeymen
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืื’ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื
01:27
worked their way up the ranks
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช
01:28
over many years of practice
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
01:30
and well-defined stages of accomplishment,
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ื•ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื,
01:32
passing established traditions to the next generation.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
01:36
Patrons regarded these makers
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ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:38
collectively rather than individually,
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ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
01:40
and their works from Murano glass goblets,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืื ื•,
01:43
to Flemish lace,
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ืœืจืงืžื” ืคืœืžื™ืช,
01:45
were valued as symbols of social status,
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ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
01:47
not only for their beauty,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:49
but their adherence to a particular tradition.
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ืืœื ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:51
And the customer who commissioned and paid for the work,
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ื•ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:55
whether it was a fine chair,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืกื ืžืขื•ืœื”,
01:56
a stone sculpture, a gold necklace,
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ืคืกืœ ืื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื–ื”ื‘,
01:58
or an entire building,
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ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื,
02:00
was more likely to get credit
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜
02:02
than those who designed or constructed it.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืœื” ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
02:06
It wasn't until around 1400
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15
02:08
that people began to draw a line
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžืชื•ื— ืงื•
02:09
between art and craft.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
02:11
In Florence, Italy,
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ื‘ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
02:13
a new cultural ideal that would later be called
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ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:15
Renaissance Humanism
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ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก
02:16
was beginning to take form.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:19
Florentine intellectuals began to spread the idea
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ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:21
of reformulating classical Greek and Roman works,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื,
02:25
while placing greater value on individual creativity
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืขืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช
02:28
than collective production.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:30
A few brave painters,
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ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื,
02:32
who for many centuries,
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:33
had been paid by the square foot,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื,
02:35
successfully petitioned their patrons
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ืขืชืจื• ืœืื“ื•ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
02:37
to pay them on the basis of merit instead.
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ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
02:41
Within a single generation,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
02:42
people's attitudes about objects and their makers
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:45
would shift dramatically,
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ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช,
02:47
such that in 1550,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ 1550,
02:48
Giorgio Vasari,
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ื’'ื™ืื•ืจื’'ื™ ื•ื•ื–ืืจื™,
02:50
not incidentally a friend of Michelangelo,
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ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื•,
02:52
published an influential book called,
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ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจื,
02:55
"Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects,"
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"ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,"
02:59
elevating these types of creators
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ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืงืจื ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
03:00
to rock star status by sharing juicy biographical details.
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ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
03:05
In the mind of the public,
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
03:07
painting, sculpture and architecture
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ืืจื›ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
03:09
were now considered art,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
03:11
and their makers creative masterminds: artists.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื.
03:15
Meanwhile, those who maintained
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉืฉืžืจื•
03:17
guild traditions and faithfully produced
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ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช
03:19
candelsticks, ceramic vessels,
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ื ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ื ืงืจืžื™ื™ื,
03:21
gold jewelery or wrought iron gates,
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ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืง,
03:23
would be known communally as artisans,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื,
03:26
and their works considered minor or decorative arts,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ื›ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ืช,
03:29
connoting an inferior status
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืขืžื“ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:31
and solidifying the distinction
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื”
03:33
between art and craft that still persists
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช
03:36
in the Western world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
03:38
So, if we consider a painting
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ืื–, ืื ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืจ
03:40
by Rembrandt or Picasso art,
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ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื˜ ืื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงืืกื•,
03:43
then where does that leave an African mask?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืžืกื›ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช?
03:45
A Chinese porclein vase?
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ื›ื“ ืคื•ืจืฆืœืŸ ืกื™ื ื™?
03:47
A Navajo rug?
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ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื•ื—ื•?
03:49
It turns out that in the history of art,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
03:51
the value placed on innovation
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื
03:53
is the exception rather than the rule.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื›ืœืœ.
03:55
In many cultures of the world,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:57
the distinction between art and craft
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ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”
03:58
has never existed.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื”.
04:00
In fact, some works that might be considered craft,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
04:03
a Peruvian rug,
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ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืคืจื•ืื ื™,
04:04
a Ming Dynasty vase,
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ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžื™ื ื’,
04:06
a totem pole,
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ืขืžื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ื,
04:07
are considered the cultures' preeminent visual forms.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:11
When art historians of the 19th Century
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19
04:14
saw that the art of some non-Western cultures
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ืจืื• ืฉื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
04:16
did not change for thousands of years,
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ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:19
they classified the works as primitive,
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ื”ื ืงื™ื˜ืœื’ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:22
suggesting that their makers were incapable of innovating
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ
04:25
and therefore were not really artists.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
04:28
What they didn't realize was that
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
04:30
these makers were not seeking to innovate at all.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:33
The value of their works lay precisely
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
04:35
in preserving visual traditions,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
04:37
rather than in changing them.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:39
In the last few decades, works such as
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื•
04:41
quilts, ceramics and wood carvings
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ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื, ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ
04:44
have become more prominently included
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ื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:46
in art history textbooks
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช
04:48
and displayed in museums
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื
04:49
alongside paintings and sculpture.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืกืœื™ื.
04:52
So maybe it's time to dispense with vague terms
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื
04:55
like art and craft
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื”
04:56
in favor of a word like visual arts
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช
04:58
that encompasses a wider array of aesthetic production.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืขืจืš ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื” ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช.
05:02
After all, if our appreciation of objects
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื™ื
05:05
and their makers is so conditioned
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช
05:07
by our culture and history,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:09
then art and its definition
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ืื– ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื”
05:11
are truly in the eye of the beholder.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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