The big-beaked, rock-munching fish that protect coral reefs - Mike Gil

473,589 views ใƒป 2020-08-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
As the sun rises over a quiet coral reef, one animal breaks the morning silence.
0
7355
5729
ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื“ืžืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
00:13
Named for their vibrant scales and beak-like teeth,
1
13084
3310
ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
00:16
these parrotfish are devouring a particularly crunchy breakfast: rocks.
2
16394
6219
ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ืกืœืขื™ื.
00:22
It may not be immediately clear why any creature would take bites
3
22613
4160
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื™ืงื— ื‘ื™ืกื™ื
00:26
out of the seafloor.
4
26773
1426
ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
00:28
But the diet of these flashy foragers actually plays a key role
5
28199
4431
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:32
in defending the coral reefโ€™s complex ecosystem.
6
32630
3684
ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
00:36
Massive coral reefs begin with tiny coral larvae,
7
36314
4176
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ื–ื—ืœื™ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
00:40
which settle on the seafloorโ€™s hard surfaces
8
40490
2430
ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื
00:42
and metamorphasize into coral polyps.
9
42920
3140
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
00:46
Over time, these polyps generate rock-like skeletons
10
46060
3720
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืกืœืข
00:49
made of calcium carbonate.
11
49780
1740
ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™.
00:51
Together, colonies of polyps produce large three-dimensional structures,
12
51520
4510
ื™ื—ื“, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:56
which form the basis of an underwater metropolis.
13
56030
3815
ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™.
00:59
These coral complexes are full of nooks and crannies
14
59845
3490
ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื
01:03
that house and protect countless life forms.
15
63335
2966
ืฉืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:06
Even though coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the ocean floor,
16
66301
4284
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:10
these dense ecosystems are home to more than twenty-five percent of marine life.
17
70585
5781
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:16
Many fish use corals as shelters for sleeping and to hide from large predators
18
76366
5896
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื—ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:22
between their trips foraging for seaweed.
19
82262
2660
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืืฆื•ืช.
01:24
As the primary food source for many of the reefโ€™s fish and invertebrates,
20
84922
4312
ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:29
seaweed is vital to this ecosystem.
21
89234
2450
ืืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
01:31
But in high densities, seaweed can become problematic,
22
91684
3400
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:35
and even lethal to corals.
23
95084
2110
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
01:37
Seaweed grows on the same hard open surfaces that coral larvae rely on,
24
97194
5204
ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
01:42
and their growth prevents new coral from settling and expanding.
25
102398
4260
ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
01:46
These competitors have also evolved a variety of ways to kill existing corals,
26
106658
5294
ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:51
including smothering and abrasion.
27
111952
2190
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื ืง ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงื”.
01:54
Some seaweed species even engage in chemical warfareโ€”
28
114142
3832
ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช --
01:57
synthesizing compounds that destroy coral on contact.
29
117974
4120
ืžืกื ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข.
02:02
This is where parrotfish come in.
30
122094
2163
ืฉื ื ื›ื ืก ื“ื’ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:04
Like many reef fish, these colorful creatures eat seaweed.
31
124257
4087
ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืฆื•ืช.
02:08
But unlike their neighbors,
32
128344
1690
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:10
parrotfish can completely remove even the tiniest scraps of seaweed
33
130034
4728
ื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช
02:14
from the ocean floor.
34
134762
1445
ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:16
Their so-called beak is actually a mosaic of tightly-packed teeth
35
136207
4992
ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช
02:21
which can scrape and grind rock,
36
141199
2410
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื“ ื•ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกืœืขื™ื,
02:23
allowing them to consume every bit of seaweed covering a stony surface.
37
143609
5079
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืืฆื” ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื.
02:28
This helps parrotfish reach seaweed other fish canโ€™t consume,
38
148688
3740
ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืฆื•ืช ืฉื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš,
02:32
while simultaneously clearing out open space for new corals
39
152428
3774
ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘
02:36
to settle and existing colonies to expand.
40
156202
3790
ื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
02:39
Eating rocks is just one way parrotfish help manage seaweed.
41
159992
3900
ืื›ื™ืœืช ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืฆื•ืช.
02:43
Through a dynamic system of social networks,
42
163892
2360
ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
02:46
parrotfish can convey information to other coral dwelling fish.
43
166252
4312
ื“ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:50
Each fishโ€™s presence and simple routine behaviors produce sensory information
44
170564
5008
ื›ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืฉื™
02:55
that nearby fish can see, hear, or smell.
45
175572
3560
ืฉื“ื’ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืื• ืœื”ืจื™ื—.
02:59
They can even detect changes in water pressure produced by their neighbors
46
179132
4040
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื
03:03
using a special sensory organ.
47
183172
2510
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:05
All these factors can inform the behavior of nearby fish.
48
185682
4010
ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื.
03:09
For example, a fish safely entering an open feeding ground
49
189692
4020
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ื’ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื›ืœื” ืคืชื•ื—
03:13
and not getting attacked means itโ€™s safe to forage.
50
193712
3360
ื•ืœื ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
03:17
Conversely, a fish rapidly leaving a location can provide an early warning
51
197072
4833
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื“ื’ ืฉืขื•ื–ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื”ืชืจืื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช
03:21
that a threat is approaching.
52
201905
2030
ืฉืื™ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘.
03:23
By simply trying to stay alive,
53
203935
1807
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:25
these reef fish can incidentally help their neighbors surviveโ€”
54
205742
3870
ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ --
03:29
and more of these fish means less seaweed.
55
209612
2907
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช.
03:32
Unfortunately, human activities over the last several decades
56
212519
3690
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:36
have disrupted almost every part of this complex system.
57
216209
3560
ื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:39
In many coral reefs, overfishing has reduced the number of parrotfish,
58
219769
4420
ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™,
03:44
as well as other seaweed eaters, such as surgeonfish and rabbitfish.
59
224189
4520
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื ืชื—ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœ ื•ืกื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:48
This has led to unchecked seaweed growth,
60
228709
2725
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช,
03:51
which threatens to degrade entire coral reefs.
61
231434
3445
ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
03:54
The parrotfish that remain live in much smaller communities.
62
234879
3470
ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:58
Their reduced numbers can weaken their social network,
63
238349
2910
ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:01
making surviving fish more timid and less effective at controlling seaweed.
64
241259
5009
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืืฆื•ืช.
04:06
Today, climate change and pollution are lowering coralโ€™s natural defenses
65
246268
4454
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:10
while contributing to runaway seaweed growthโ€”
66
250722
2760
ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช --
04:13
leaving reef ecosystems more fragile than ever.
67
253482
3880
ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
04:17
Our reefs are vitally important to both marine and human life.
68
257362
4120
ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:21
Their unparalleled biodiversity offers unique opportunities for ecotourism,
69
261482
4785
ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
04:26
sustainable fishing, and scientific research,
70
266267
2890
ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืžืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™,
04:29
while their rocky structures guard coastlines from waves and storm surges.
71
269157
4871
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื•ืกืขืจื•ืช.
04:34
Fortunately, continued research into reef species
72
274028
3320
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:37
like the quirky and critical parrotfish can inform new strategies
73
277348
4130
ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื”ืชื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:41
for preserving these essential ecosystems.
74
281478
2651
ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7