How do we know what color dinosaurs were? - Len Bloch

901,244 views ใƒป 2016-01-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:09
This is the microraptor,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืจืคื˜ื•ืจ,
00:12
a carnivorous four-winged dinosaur that was almost two-feet long,
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 70 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
00:17
ate fish,
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ืื›ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:18
and lived about 120 million years ago.
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ื•ื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:21
Most of what we know about it comes from fossils that look like this.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš.
00:26
So, is its coloration here just an artist's best guess?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ืคื” ืจืง ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ?
00:29
The answer is no.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
00:32
We know this shimmering black color is accurate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
00:35
because paleontologists have analyzed clues contained within the fossil.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืชื—ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ,
00:40
But making sense of the evidence requires careful examination of the fossil
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ
00:44
and a good understanding of the physics of light and color.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ืข.
00:50
First of all, here's what we actually see on the fossil:
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ:
00:53
imprints of bones and feathers that have left telltale mineral deposits.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.
00:58
And from those imprints,
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ื•ืžื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
00:59
we can determine that these microraptor feathers
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืจืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•
01:02
were similar to modern dinosaur, as in bird, feathers.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื: ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:07
But what gives birds their signature diverse colorations?
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื?
01:11
Most feathers contain just one or two dye-like pigments.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:15
The cardinal's bright red comes from carotenoids,
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ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืงืจื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
01:18
the same pigments that make carrots orange,
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ืื•ืชื ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืจ ื›ืชื•ื,
01:21
while the black of its face is from melanin,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ื™ืŸ,
01:23
the pigment that colors our hair and skin.
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ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืœืฉื™ืขืจื ื• ื•ืขื•ืจื ื•.
01:27
But in bird feathers, melanin isn't simply a dye.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฆื‘ืข.
01:30
It forms hollow nanostructures called melanosomes
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื
01:34
which can shine in all the colors of the rainbow.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช.
01:37
To understand how that works,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
01:39
it helps to remember some things about light.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืจ.
01:41
Light is basically a tiny electromagnetic wave traveling through space.
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ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื’ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:46
The top of a wave is called its crest
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ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื ืงืจื ื”ืคืกื’ื”
01:49
and the distance between two crests is called the wavelength.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืกื’ื” ืœืคืกื’ื” ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ.
01:53
The crests in red light are about 700 billionths of a meter apart
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ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 700 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจ
01:58
and the wavelength of purple light is even shorter,
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ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:01
about 400 billionths of a meter, or 400 nanometers.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจ, ืื• 400 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:06
When light hits the thin front surface of a bird's hollow melanosome,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ,
02:10
some is reflected and some passes through.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื—ืœืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื.
02:13
A portion of the transmitted light then reflects off the back surface.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ื’ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—.
02:18
The two reflected waves interact.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:20
Usually they cancel each other out,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:22
but when the wavelength of the reflected light
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ
02:24
matches the distance between the two reflections,
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:27
they reinforce each other.
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ื”ื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:29
Green light has a wavelength of about 500 nanometers,
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ืœืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ,
02:33
so melanosomes that are about 500 nanometers across
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ืื– ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ
02:36
give off green light,
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง,
02:38
thinner melanosomes give off purple light,
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ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœ,
02:40
and thicker ones give off red light.
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ื•ืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื.
02:43
Of course, it's more complex than this.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
02:45
The melanosomes are packed together inside cells, and other factors,
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ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:49
like how the melanosomes are arranged within the feather, also matter.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ืฆื”, ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:54
Let's return to the microraptor fossil.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืจืคื˜ื•ืจ.
02:56
When scientists examined its feather imprints under a powerful microscope,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื—ื–ืง,
03:01
they found nanostructures that look like melanosomes.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื.
03:04
X-ray analysis of the melanosomes further supported that theory.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืชืžื›ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
03:09
They contained minerals that would result from the decay of melanin.
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ.
03:13
The scientists then chose 20 feathers from one fossil
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืื– 20 ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“
03:16
and found that the melanosomes in all 20 looked alike,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื” 20 ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:20
so they became pretty sure this dinosaur was one solid color.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื™ื“ ืื—ื“.
03:25
They compared these microraptor melanosomes to those of modern birds
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืจืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
03:29
and found a close similarity, though not a perfect match,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืš ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื,
03:32
to the iridescent teal feathers found on duck wings.
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ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–.
03:37
And by examining the exact size and arrangement of the melanosomes,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื,
03:40
scientists determined that the feathers were iridescent black.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
03:45
Now that we can determine a fossilized feather's color,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:48
paleontologists are looking for more fossils with well-preserved melanosomes.
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ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ืžืœื ื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
03:54
They've found that a lot of dinosaurs, including velociraptor,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืœื•ืกื™ืจืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
03:57
probably had feathers,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆื•ืช,
03:59
meaning that certain films might not be so biologically accurate.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:04
Clever girls.
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ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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