How do we know what color dinosaurs were? - Len Bloch

899,392 views ・ 2016-01-04

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Minseo Jeong κ²€ν† : Jeonggyu Kang
00:09
This is the microraptor,
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이것은 λ―Έν¬λ‘œλž©ν„°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
a carnivorous four-winged dinosaur that was almost two-feet long,
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이 곡룑은 2 ν”ΌνŠΈ μ •λ„μ˜ 길이에 λ‚ κ°œκ°€ 4κ°œκ°€ 달린 μœ‘μ‹ κ³΅λ£‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
ate fish,
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이 곡룑은 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό μž‘μ•„ λ¨Ήμ—ˆκ³ 
00:18
and lived about 120 million years ago.
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μ•½ 1μ–΅ 2천만 λ…„ 전에 μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
Most of what we know about it comes from fossils that look like this.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 건 이듀이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생긴 ν™”μ„μ—μ„œ μ™”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:26
So, is its coloration here just an artist's best guess?
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그러면 μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 곡룑의 색깔은 κ·Έμ € λ―Έμˆ κ°€μ˜ 상상일 λΏμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:29
The answer is no.
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μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€!
00:32
We know this shimmering black color is accurate
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κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 화석 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” '증거'듀을 λΆ„μ„ν•΄λƒˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
00:35
because paleontologists have analyzed clues contained within the fossil.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°˜μ§μ΄λŠ” 검은 색깔이 μ •ν™•ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
00:40
But making sense of the evidence requires careful examination of the fossil
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 증거듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•΄λ‚΄λ €λ©΄ 화석을 μ„Έμ‹¬νžˆ κ΄€μ°°ν•΄ 봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
and a good understanding of the physics of light and color.
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λ˜ν•œ λΉ›κ³Ό μƒ‰μ˜ 물리학에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ κΉŠμ€ 이해λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€μš”.
00:50
First of all, here's what we actually see on the fossil:
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일단, μ‹€μ œ 화석을 λ³Ό λ•Œμ—” 이런 것밖에 μ•ˆ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
imprints of bones and feathers that have left telltale mineral deposits.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λΌˆμ™€ κΉƒν„Έμ˜ μžκ΅­λ“€μ΄ 남긴 λ―Έλ„€λž„ ν”μ λ“€λ§Œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš”.
00:58
And from those imprints,
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그리고 이 ν”μ λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
00:59
we can determine that these microraptor feathers
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ―Έν¬λ‘œλž©ν„° 깃털듀이
01:02
were similar to modern dinosaur, as in bird, feathers.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μƒˆλ“€μ˜ κΉƒν„Έκ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
But what gives birds their signature diverse colorations?
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그러면 무엇이 이 μƒˆλ“€μ—κ²Œ 각자의 λ…νŠΉν•œ 색깔을 μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
01:11
Most feathers contain just one or two dye-like pigments.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 깃털듀은 ν•œ λ‘κ°œμ˜ μƒ‰μ†Œλ“€μ„ 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
The cardinal's bright red comes from carotenoids,
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ν™κ΄€μ‘°μ˜ 밝은 빨간색은 μΉ΄λ‘œν‹°λ…Έμ΄λ“œλΌλŠ” μƒ‰μ†Œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
the same pigments that make carrots orange,
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당근이 주황색을 띠게 ν•˜λŠ” μƒ‰μ†Œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:21
while the black of its face is from melanin,
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μ΄λ•Œ μƒˆμ˜ 얼꡴에 μžˆλŠ” 검은색인 μ΄μœ λŠ” λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ΄λΌλŠ” μƒ‰μ†Œ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
the pigment that colors our hair and skin.
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우리의 피뢀와 머리카락을 κ²€κ²Œν•˜λŠ” μƒ‰μ†Œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:27
But in bird feathers, melanin isn't simply a dye.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μƒˆμ˜ κΉƒν„Έμ—μ„œλŠ”, λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μƒ‰μ†Œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
It forms hollow nanostructures called melanosomes
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λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ—λŠ” λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œμ΄λΌλŠ” λ¬΄μ§€κ°œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  색을 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”
01:34
which can shine in all the colors of the rainbow.
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속이 ν…… λΉ„μ–΄μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έ ꡬ쑰물듀이 μžˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
To understand how that works,
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λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œμ˜ 원리λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
01:39
it helps to remember some things about light.
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빛에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄ λ³΄λŠ” 것도 도움이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
Light is basically a tiny electromagnetic wave traveling through space.
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빛은 기본적으둜 우주 곡간을 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ „μžκΈ°νŒŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. νŒŒλ™μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
01:46
The top of a wave is called its crest
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μ΄λ•Œ, νŒŒλ™μ˜ κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°λŠ” 마루라고 λΆ€λ₯΄κ³ 
01:49
and the distance between two crests is called the wavelength.
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두 마루의 사이λ₯Ό 파μž₯이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
The crests in red light are about 700 billionths of a meter apart
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뢉은 λΉ›μ˜ λ§ˆλ£¨λ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ λŒ€λž΅ 700λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ”© λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
and the wavelength of purple light is even shorter,
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μ΄λ•Œ λ³΄λžλΉ›μ˜ 파μž₯은 그것보닀도 더 μ§§λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
about 400 billionths of a meter, or 400 nanometers.
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λŒ€λž΅ 400 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„° 정도가 λ˜μ§€μš”.
02:06
When light hits the thin front surface of a bird's hollow melanosome,
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그런데 μ΄λ•Œ λ§Œμ•½ 빛이 ν……ν…… λΉ„μ–΄μžˆλŠ” λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œμ˜ 얇은 μ•žμͺ½ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ‹ΏμœΌλ©΄
02:10
some is reflected and some passes through.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ°˜μ‚¬λ˜κ³  μΌλΆ€λŠ” ν†΅κ³Όλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
A portion of the transmitted light then reflects off the back surface.
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그리고 ν†΅κ³Όλœ λΉ›μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ λ’€μͺ½ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λΆ€λ”ͺν˜€ λ°˜μ‚¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
The two reflected waves interact.
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κ·Έ λ‘κ°œμ˜ λ°˜μ‚¬λœ νŒŒλ™λ“€μ€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
Usually they cancel each other out,
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보톡은 μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μƒμ‡„μ‹œν‚€μ§€λ§Œ
02:22
but when the wavelength of the reflected light
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λ°˜μ‚¬λœ λΉ›μ˜ 파μž₯이
02:24
matches the distance between the two reflections,
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λ°˜μ‚¬λœ 두 νŒŒλ™ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 거리와 같아지면
02:27
they reinforce each other.
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μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό κ°•ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Green light has a wavelength of about 500 nanometers,
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μ΄ˆλ‘λΉ›μ€ μ•½ 500 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ˜ 파μž₯을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
so melanosomes that are about 500 nanometers across
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•½ 500 λ‚˜λ…Έλ―Έν„°μ˜ 파μž₯을 가진 λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ€
02:36
give off green light,
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μ„ λ°©μΆœν•˜κ³ 
02:38
thinner melanosomes give off purple light,
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더 짧은 파μž₯을 가진 λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ€ λ³΄λžλΉ›μ„ λ°©μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
and thicker ones give off red light.
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λ”ν•˜μ—¬, 파μž₯이 더 κΈ΄ 것듀은 뢉은 빛을 λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
02:43
Of course, it's more complex than this.
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λ¬Όλ‘ , 이런 ν˜„μƒμ˜ μ‹€μ œ μ›λ¦¬λŠ” 방금 μ „μ˜ μ„€λͺ…λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 훨씬 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
The melanosomes are packed together inside cells, and other factors,
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λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ€ 세포듀 속에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀과 같이 λ“€μ–΄κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
like how the melanosomes are arranged within the feather, also matter.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ˜ λ°°μ—΄ λ˜ν•œ 이런 원리에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œκ°€ λ˜μ§€μš”.
02:54
Let's return to the microraptor fossil.
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그러면 λ§ˆμ΄ν¬ν¬λ‘œλžν† λ₯΄ ν™”μ„μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 번 λŒμ•„κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:56
When scientists examined its feather imprints under a powerful microscope,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 κΉƒν„Έμ˜ 흔적듀을 μ•„μ£Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:01
they found nanostructures that look like melanosomes.
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λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œκ³Ό 같이 생긴 λ‚˜λ…Έ ꡬ쑰물듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
X-ray analysis of the melanosomes further supported that theory.
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λ˜ν•œ 이후 찍은 Xμ„  뢄석 결과둜 λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ ν™•μ‹ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
They contained minerals that would result from the decay of melanin.
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κ·Έ λΆ„μ„λ¬Όμ—λŠ” λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ˜ λΆ€νŒ¨λ‘œ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜λŠ” λ―Έλ„€λž„λ“€μ„ ν•¨μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
03:13
The scientists then chose 20 feathers from one fossil
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κ·Έ 이후, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν™”μ„μ—μ„œ 20개의 깃털듀을 골랐고
03:16
and found that the melanosomes in all 20 looked alike,
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κ·Έ 깃털듀에 μžˆλŠ” λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ˜‘κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
so they became pretty sure this dinosaur was one solid color.
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고둜 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이 곡룑은 ν•œ μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 있게 된 것이죠.
03:25
They compared these microraptor melanosomes to those of modern birds
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또 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ―Έν¬λ‘œλžν† λ₯΄μ˜ λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œκ³Ό ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μƒˆλ“€μ˜ λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œμ„ μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆκ³ 
03:29
and found a close similarity, though not a perfect match,
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ μΌμΉ˜λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ˜€λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ 청둝 무지갯빛 κΉƒν„Έλ“€κ³Ό
03:32
to the iridescent teal feathers found on duck wings.
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λ―Έν¬λ‘œλž©ν„°μ˜ 깃털듀이 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•¨μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
And by examining the exact size and arrangement of the melanosomes,
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그리고 λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ 크기와 배열을 κ΄€μ°°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:40
scientists determined that the feathers were iridescent black.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ―Έν¬λ‘œλžν† λ₯΄μ˜ 깃털듀은 κ²€μ • λ¬΄μ§€κ°―λΉ›μ΄λž€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
Now that we can determine a fossilized feather's color,
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μ΄μ œλŠ” 화석에 μžˆλŠ” κΉƒν„Έμ˜ 색깔을 μ•Œ 수 있게 λ˜λ‹ˆ
03:48
paleontologists are looking for more fossils with well-preserved melanosomes.
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κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 잘 보쑴된 λ©œλΌλ…Έμ†œλ“€μ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 화석듀을 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
They've found that a lot of dinosaurs, including velociraptor,
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λ˜ν•œ κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ²¨λ‘œμ‹œλž©ν„°λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 곡룑듀이
03:57
probably had feathers,
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 깃털을 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž„μ„ λ°ν˜€λƒˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
meaning that certain films might not be so biologically accurate.
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고둜 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ˜ν™”λ“€μ€ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 그리 μ •ν™•μΉ˜ μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Clever girls.
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μ°Έ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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