The fish that walk on land - Noah R. Bressman

1,005,570 views ใƒป 2020-08-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
This pond is the only home this fish has ever known.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:10
But lately, itโ€™s gotten crowded and food is scarce.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื ืขืฉื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜.
00:15
Luckily, it has an option many donโ€™t:
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ:
00:18
as a walking catfish, it can dance its way out of the water
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ื›ืฉืคืžื ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื
00:22
and onto bigger and better things.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:25
However, it faces many challenges on its terrestrial journey:
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช:
00:29
itโ€™s now in danger of suffocating, drying up,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื ืง, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ,
00:32
suffering physical damage from rough terrain,
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ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืงืจืงืข ืงืฉื™ื,
00:35
and being hunted by land predators.
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ื•ืฉื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:39
We think of fish as completely aquatic animals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:43
But the walking catfish is just one of hundreds of fish species
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื
00:48
that are actually amphibious,
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ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
00:50
meaning that they possess adaptations that enable them to survive on land.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:56
Fish amphibiousness is a spectrum.
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ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
01:00
At one end are species like the mosquitofish
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ื™ ืžื•ืกืงื™ื˜ื•
01:03
thatโ€™ll only move on land when forced.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืจืง ืื ื™ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื.
01:06
And at the other end are species like mudskippers
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื‘ืฉืชื ื™ื™ื
01:09
that nonchalantly hop around mudflats for days at a time.
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ืฉืžืงืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืคืœื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
01:14
But why do fish make the exodus from water to land?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืงืกื•ื“ื•ืก ืžื”ืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”?
01:18
And how do they cope with this drastic transition?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจืกื˜ื™?
01:23
If temperatures get too high for the mangrove rivulus
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ืื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:27
in the shallow tropical pools it inhabits,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:31
itโ€™ll flip itself onto a bank and cool off in the shade.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ื•ื™ืชืงืจืจ ื‘ืฆืœ.
01:35
During the dry period,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
01:37
it can survive for two months out of the water
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื
01:40
by staying in moist environments.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืช.
01:43
Meanwhile, the eel catfish makes its onshore voyage
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืคืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”
01:48
to satisfy its hearty craving for beetles.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:51
And for others, the terrestrial draw is more ritualistic.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื›ืกื™ืช.
01:56
Every year under the cover of night,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
01:59
masses of California grunion flop their way onto sandy beaches,
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ืžืืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืงืคืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื,
02:04
where females deposit thousands of eggs into the sand
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ืฉื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ
02:09
before re-entering the ocean.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:12
Underwater, fish breathe with gills,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
02:15
which are feathery organs packed with blood vessels
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ืฉื”ื ืื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขืžื•ืกื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
02:18
that absorb dissolved oxygen from the water.
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ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:22
But in the open air, their gills collapse and are rendered useless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช,
02:27
so amphibious fishes need other ways to breathe.
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ืื– ื“ื’ื™ื ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื.
02:30
The armored catfishโ€™s stomach is packed with blood vessels,
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ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ืช ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
02:34
so it can gulp down air and breathe through its stomach lining.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื’ื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
02:39
And lungfish, being related to the ancestors of all tetrapods,
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ื•ื“ื’ื™ ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื,
02:44
or four-limbed vertebrates, are equipped with true lungs.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:49
Theyโ€™ll actually drown if theyโ€™re kept underwater too long.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:55
Fish have thin, permeable skin that allows for essential compounds
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ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืจ ื“ืง ื•ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:00
to diffuse into and out of their bodies while theyโ€™re underwater.
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ืœืคืขืคืข ืœืชื•ืš ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
03:05
But this works against them on land as their bodily moisture
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื’ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ืฉื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
03:09
diffuses into the air.
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ืžืคืขืคืขืช ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
03:11
To dodge dehydration, mudskippers roll in the mud like puppies.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืงื•ืคืฆื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืจื™ื.
03:16
But the lungfish takes the cake:
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื:
03:19
the rivers it inhabits disappear during dry seasons,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
03:23
so it buries itself in the earth and coats its body in a mucus cocoon.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื•ืก.
03:29
It can survive like this for years until being resuscitated
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื
03:34
by the next big rainstorm.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืขืจืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:37
Amphibious fishes use powerful fins to move on land
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ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
03:41
and clever tools to navigate as they go.
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ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ืฉื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื.
03:45
The Nopoli rock-climbing goby, no bigger than a few centimeters,
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ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ืกืœืขื™ื, ืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื ื˜ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:50
scales hundred-meter-tall Hawaiian waterfalls,
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ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:54
inching its way up by alternately attaching the suction cups
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ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ
03:58
on its mouth and pelvic fins.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ.
04:01
To find water while on land, the mummichog,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืžืืžื™ืฆ'ื•ื’,
04:04
like most amphibious fishes, is on the lookout for reflective surfaces.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
04:10
Other species, like mosquitofish,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื”ืžื•ืกืงื™ื˜ื•,
04:12
exercise their inner ear to determine where theyโ€™re oriented on a slope,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ,
04:18
relying on the probability that theyโ€™ll find water by moving downhill.
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ื•ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
04:23
Our walking catfish, meanwhile,
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ื”ืฉืคืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:26
uses the taste buds that coat its body for navigation.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืงืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
04:30
These taste buds are concentrated in its whiskers,
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ืคืงืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืืœื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื ืฉืœื•,
04:33
which whip through the air,
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ืฉืžืฆืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
04:35
sensing compounds that signal the proximity and quality
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ื•ื—ืฉ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช
04:39
of nearby waterโ€” and prey.
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ืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื -- ืื• ื˜ืจืฃ.
04:42
The walking catfish will shimmy towards attractive volatile amino acids
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ื”ืฉืคืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื™ืชืคืชืœื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช
04:48
while steering clear of foul waters emanating hydrogen sulfide.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืฉื™ื ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ืžื™ืžื ื™ืช.
04:54
While amphibious fishes face a multitude of new challenges upon leaving the water,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื,
04:59
theyโ€™ve evolved ingenious ways to overcome them.
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ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:02
Theyโ€™re resilient in the face of droughts and floods
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ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช
05:06
and have access to new prey as well as a plan B
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ืจืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช
05:10
if they need to escape competitive, polluted, or unhealthy environments.
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ืื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื•ืช ืื• ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
05:15
While being a โ€œfish out of waterโ€ is generally regarded as a bad thing,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€œื“ื’ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ืโ€ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข,
05:19
for these species, it offers an undisputed edge.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื™ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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