What is a vector? - David Huynh

2,000,359 views ใƒป 2016-09-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Ravia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Physicists,
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ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื,
00:08
air traffic controllers,
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ืคืงื—ื™ ื˜ื™ืกื”,
00:09
and video game creators
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ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
00:11
all have at least one thing in common:
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื—ื“:
00:14
vectors.
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ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
00:15
What exactly are they, and why do they matter?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื?
00:19
To answer, we first need to understand scalars.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื”ื• ืกืงืœืจ.
00:23
A scalar is a quantity with magnitude.
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ืกืงืœืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:26
It tells us how much of something there is.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื”ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช.
00:29
The distance between you and a bench,
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืœืกืคืกืœ,
00:31
and the volume and temperature of the beverage in your cup
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ื”ื ืคื— ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื›ื•ืกื›ื,
00:34
are all described by scalars.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืงืœืจื™ื.
00:37
Vector quantities also have a magnitude plus an extra piece of information,
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ืœื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช,
00:42
direction.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:44
To navigate to your bench,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืคืกืœ,
00:45
you need to know how far away it is and in what direction,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข,
00:49
not just the distance, but the displacement.
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืจื—ืง, ืืœื ื”ื”ืขืชืง.
00:53
What makes vectors special and useful in all sorts of fields
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:56
is that they don't change based on perspective
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜.
00:59
but remain invariant to the coordinate system.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืชื—ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:03
What does that mean?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”?
01:04
Let's say you and a friend are moving your tent.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื›ื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:07
You stand on opposite sides so you're facing in opposite directions.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:11
Your friend moves two steps to the right and three steps forward
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ื—ื‘ืจื›ื ื–ื– ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
01:15
while you move two steps to the left and three steps back.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื–ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืžืืœื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
01:19
But even though it seems like you're moving differently,
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ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:22
you both end up moving the same distance in the same direction
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
01:25
following the same vector.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ.
01:28
No matter which way you face,
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื›ื,
01:30
or what coordinate system you place over the camp ground,
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ืื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื,
01:33
the vector doesn't change.
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ื”ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื”.
01:35
Let's use the familiar Cartesian coordinate system
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืช
01:38
with its x and y axes.
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ืขื ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”-x ื•ื”-y ืฉืœื”.
01:40
We call these two directions our coordinate basis
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
01:43
because they're used to describe everything we graph.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ.
01:46
Let's say the tent starts at the origin and ends up over here at point B.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืคื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” B.
01:51
The straight arrow connecting the two points
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ื”ื—ืฅ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
01:54
is the vector from the origin to B.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” B.
01:56
When your friend thinks about where he has to move,
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ื•ืข,
01:59
it can be written mathematically as 2x + 3y,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 2x+3y.
02:03
or, like this, which is called an array.
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ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจืš.
02:07
Since you're facing the other way,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื ื™ื›ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
02:08
your coordinate basis points in opposite directions,
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ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™,
02:12
which we can call x prime and y prime,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• 'x ื•-'y,
02:15
and your movement can be written like this,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืืจ ื›ืš,
02:18
or with this array.
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ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจืš ื–ื”.
02:21
If we look at the two arrays, they're clearly not the same,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
02:25
but an array alone doesn't completely describe a vector.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจืš ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืืจ ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•.
02:29
Each needs a basis to give it context,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
02:32
and when we properly assign them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืžื•ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื,
02:34
we see that they are in fact describing the same vector.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ.
02:38
You can think of elements in the array as individual letters.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื›ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:41
Just as a sequence of letters only becomes a word
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื™ืœื” ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
02:44
in the context of a particular language,
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ืจืฆืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
02:47
an array acquires meaning as a vector when assigned a coordinate basis.
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ื›ืš ืœืžืขืจืš ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ.
02:52
And just as different words in two languages can convey the same idea,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
02:57
different representations from two bases can describe the same vector.
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ื›ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ.
03:01
The vector is the essence of what's being communicated,
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ื”ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืจ,
03:05
regardless of the language used to describe it.
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ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:08
It turns out that scalars also share this coordinate invariance property.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื’ื ืกืงืœืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืื™ื ื•ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:12
In fact, all quantities with this property are members of a group called tensors.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื˜ื ื–ื•ืจื™ื.
03:18
Various types of tensors contain different amounts of information.
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ื˜ื ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:22
Does that mean there's something that can convey more information than vectors?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ?
03:26
Absolutely.
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ื‘ื•ื“ืื™.
03:28
Say you're designing a video game,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
03:29
and you want to realistically model how water behaves.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
03:33
Even if you have forces acting in the same direction
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
03:36
with the same magnitude,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
03:38
depending on how they're oriented, you might see waves or whirls.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ืชืงื‘ืข ืื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:42
When force, a vector, is combined with another vector that provides orientation,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ื—, ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™
03:47
we have the physical quantity called stress,
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื ื— ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžืืžืฅ.
03:50
which is an example of a second order tensor.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื˜ื ื–ื•ืจ ืžืžืขืœื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
03:54
These tensors are also used outside of video games for all sorts of purposes,
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ื˜ื ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:59
including scientific simulations,
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:01
car designs,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘,
04:02
and brain imaging.
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ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:04
Scalars, vectors, and the tensor family present us with a relatively simple way
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ืกืงืœืจื™ื, ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื˜ื ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื“ื™
04:09
of making sense of complex ideas and interactions,
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:12
and as such, they're a prime example of the elegance, beauty,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ืคื™
04:16
and fundamental usefulness of mathematics.
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ื•ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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