What is a vector? - David Huynh

Što je vektor? - David Huynh

1,970,726 views ・ 2016-09-13

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Tamara Rabuzin Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:07
Physicists,
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Fizičari,
00:08
air traffic controllers,
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kontrolori leta
00:09
and video game creators
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i dizajneri video igara
00:11
all have at least one thing in common:
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imaju barem jednu stvar zajedničku:
00:14
vectors.
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vektore.
00:15
What exactly are they, and why do they matter?
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Što su točno vektori i zašto su važni?
00:19
To answer, we first need to understand scalars.
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Da bi odgovorili, prvo moramo razumjeti skalare.
00:23
A scalar is a quantity with magnitude.
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Skalar je veličina s duljinom.
00:26
It tells us how much of something there is.
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Govori nam koliko nečeg ima.
00:29
The distance between you and a bench,
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Udaljenost između vas i klupe,
00:31
and the volume and temperature of the beverage in your cup
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i volumen i temperatura napitka u vašoj šalici
00:34
are all described by scalars.
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opisani su skalarima.
00:37
Vector quantities also have a magnitude plus an extra piece of information,
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Vektorske veličine također imaju iznos ali i dodatni element,
00:42
direction.
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smjer.
00:44
To navigate to your bench,
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Da bi došli do svoje klupe,
00:45
you need to know how far away it is and in what direction,
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morate znati koliko je udaljena i u kojem smjeru,
00:49
not just the distance, but the displacement.
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ne samo njezinu udaljenost već i položaj.
00:53
What makes vectors special and useful in all sorts of fields
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Ono što vektore čini posebnima i korisnima u mnogim područjima
00:56
is that they don't change based on perspective
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jest to da se ne mijenjaju s obzirom na gledište
00:59
but remain invariant to the coordinate system.
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već ostaju invarijantni s obzirom na koordinatni sustav.
01:03
What does that mean?
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Što to znači?
01:04
Let's say you and a friend are moving your tent.
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Recimo da vi i prijatelj premještate šator.
01:07
You stand on opposite sides so you're facing in opposite directions.
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Stojite na suprotnim stranama pa gledate u suprotnim smjerovima.
01:11
Your friend moves two steps to the right and three steps forward
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Vaš prijatelj pomiče se dva koraka desno i tri koraka naprijed
01:15
while you move two steps to the left and three steps back.
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dok se vi mičete dva koraka lijevo i tri koraka natrag.
01:19
But even though it seems like you're moving differently,
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Ali iako se čini da ste se pomaknuli drukčije,
01:22
you both end up moving the same distance in the same direction
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na kraju ste se pomaknuli za istu udaljenost u istom smjeru
01:25
following the same vector.
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prateći isti vektor.
01:28
No matter which way you face,
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Bez obzira u kojem smjeru gledate,
01:30
or what coordinate system you place over the camp ground,
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ili kakav koordinatni sustav postavite na tlo kampa,
01:33
the vector doesn't change.
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vektor se ne mijenja.
01:35
Let's use the familiar Cartesian coordinate system
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Koristit ćemo poznati nam Kartezijev koordinatni sustav
01:38
with its x and y axes.
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s x i y osi.
01:40
We call these two directions our coordinate basis
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Ova dva smjera zovemo vektori baze.
01:43
because they're used to describe everything we graph.
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jer pomoću njih opisujemo sve što ćemo prikazati grafom.
01:46
Let's say the tent starts at the origin and ends up over here at point B.
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Neka šator počinje u ishodištu i završava ovdje u točki B.
01:51
The straight arrow connecting the two points
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Ravna strelica koja povezuje dvije točke
01:54
is the vector from the origin to B.
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je vektor iz ishodišta prema B.
01:56
When your friend thinks about where he has to move,
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Kada vaš prijatelj određuje gdje se mora pomaknuti,
01:59
it can be written mathematically as 2x + 3y,
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to se matematičkim jezikom može zapisati kao 2x+3y,
02:03
or, like this, which is called an array.
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ili ovako, kao uređeni par.
02:07
Since you're facing the other way,
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S obzirom da vi gledate u drugom smjeru,
02:08
your coordinate basis points in opposite directions,
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vaša baza je u suprotnom smjeru,
02:12
which we can call x prime and y prime,
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što možemo nazvati x i y baze,
02:15
and your movement can be written like this,
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a tvoj pomak može se zapisati ovako,
02:18
or with this array.
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ili pomoću ovog uređenog para.
02:21
If we look at the two arrays, they're clearly not the same,
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Ako pogledamo ova dva uređena para vidimo da očito nisu jednaki,
02:25
but an array alone doesn't completely describe a vector.
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ali sam uređeni par nije dovoljan da bi se odredio vektor.
02:29
Each needs a basis to give it context,
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Da bi se dobio kontekst, potrebne su baze,
02:32
and when we properly assign them,
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a kad ih dodijelimo,
02:34
we see that they are in fact describing the same vector.
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vidimo da one zapravo opisuju isto vektor.
02:38
You can think of elements in the array as individual letters.
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Elemente uređenog para možete zamisliti kao pojedinačna slova.
02:41
Just as a sequence of letters only becomes a word
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Niz slova postaje riječ
02:44
in the context of a particular language,
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tek u kontekstu određenog jezika,
02:47
an array acquires meaning as a vector when assigned a coordinate basis.
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isto tako uređeni par opisuje neki vektor tek kad mu se dodijeli baza.
02:52
And just as different words in two languages can convey the same idea,
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Različite riječi u dva jezika mogu opisivati istu ideju,
02:57
different representations from two bases can describe the same vector.
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isto tako prikazi u dvije različite baze mogu opisivati isti vektor.
03:01
The vector is the essence of what's being communicated,
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Vektor je osnova onoga što se prenosi,
03:05
regardless of the language used to describe it.
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bez obzira na jezik pomoću kojeg se opisuje.
03:08
It turns out that scalars also share this coordinate invariance property.
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Skalari također imaju svojstvo invarijantnosti s obzirom na koordinate.
03:12
In fact, all quantities with this property are members of a group called tensors.
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Zapravo, sve veličine s ovim svojstvom pripadaju grupi tenzora.
03:18
Various types of tensors contain different amounts of information.
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Različite vrste tenzora sadrže različit broj informacija.
03:22
Does that mean there's something that can convey more information than vectors?
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Znači li to da postoji nešto što prenosi više informacija od vektora?
03:26
Absolutely.
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Naravno.
03:28
Say you're designing a video game,
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Recimo da dizajnirate video igru,
03:29
and you want to realistically model how water behaves.
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i želite realistično modelirati ponašanje vode.
03:33
Even if you have forces acting in the same direction
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Čak i ako imate sile koje djeluju u istom smjeru
03:36
with the same magnitude,
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i istog su iznosa,
03:38
depending on how they're oriented, you might see waves or whirls.
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ovisno o tome kako su usmjerene, pojavljuju se ili valovi ili vrtlozi.
03:42
When force, a vector, is combined with another vector that provides orientation,
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Kad se stlači, vektor se kombinira s drugim vektorom koji određuje orijentaciju,
03:47
we have the physical quantity called stress,
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pa imamo fizikalnu veličinu koja se zove naprezanje,
03:50
which is an example of a second order tensor.
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što je primjer tenzora drugog reda.
03:54
These tensors are also used outside of video games for all sorts of purposes,
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Ovi tenzori koriste se i izvan područja video igara za različite svrhe,
03:59
including scientific simulations,
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uključujući znanstvene simulacije,
04:01
car designs,
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dizajniranje automobila,
04:02
and brain imaging.
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i mapiranje mozga.
04:04
Scalars, vectors, and the tensor family present us with a relatively simple way
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Skalari, vektori i familija tenzora na razmjerno jednostavan način
04:09
of making sense of complex ideas and interactions,
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objašnjavaju složene ideje i međudjelovanja,
04:12
and as such, they're a prime example of the elegance, beauty,
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i kao takvi, oni su lijep primjer elegancije, ljepote
04:16
and fundamental usefulness of mathematics.
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i temeljne korisnosti matematike.

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