Mysteries of vernacular: X-ray - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

44,746 views ใƒป 2013-08-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:06
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™:
00:08
X-ray,
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X-ray, (ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ)
00:09
a form of electromagnetic radiation
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
00:12
capable of penetrating solids.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
00:15
The word X-ray harkens back
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” X-ray ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืื—ื•ืจื”
00:17
to the work of Rene Descartes,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜,
00:19
a French philosopher,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฆืจืคืชื™,
00:20
mathematician,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™,
00:22
and writer in the 17th century.
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ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17.
00:25
One of Descartes innumerable contributions
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืงืืจื˜
00:28
to the world of numbers
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
00:29
was the invention of a simple yet brilliant convention
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืืš ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื”
00:33
most people take for granted today:
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื:
00:36
the representation of unknowns
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ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืœืžื™ื
00:38
within an equation as X, Y, and Z.
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ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื› x,y ื• z.
00:43
When the German scientist Wilhelm Rontgen
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
00:46
discovered what we now call X-rays
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
00:48
in the late 19th century,
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:50
he gave them the name X-strahlen.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืืงืก-ืกื˜ืจื”ืœืŸ.
00:53
Strahlen is German for shine,
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ืกื˜ืจื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื”ืง,
00:56
and X, of course, represented the unknown nature
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ื• X, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
01:00
of the radiation Rontgen had discovered,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื”,
01:03
the X-factor, so to speak.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ X ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจ.
01:06
The English translation maintained the X
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื” X
01:09
but replaced the German shine with ray,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืง ื‘ืงืจืŸ,
01:12
meaning a beam of light.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
01:15
Coincidentally, in mathematics,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:17
the word ray refers to a line
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืงืจืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืงื•
01:19
with a point of origin that has no end
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ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ
01:22
and extends to infinity,
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ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ,
01:25
bringing us neatly back to the unknown.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.
01:27
Today we understand what X-radiation is,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืช X,
01:31
and in spite of the humble objections
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช
01:33
of its discoverer,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืœื”,
01:35
it is also commonly called Rontgen Radiation,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืงืจื™ื ืช ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ,
01:39
eliminating with the X
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”X
01:40
the fundamental mystery of its nature.
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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