Where did Russia come from? - Alex Gendler

5,462,630 views ใƒป 2015-10-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
Where did Russia come from,
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ืžืื™ืคื” ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
00:11
why is it so big,
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
00:13
and what are the differences between it and its neighbors?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”?
00:16
The answers lie in an epic story of seafaring warriors,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืคื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
00:20
nomadic invaders,
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ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื,
00:22
and the rise and fall of a medieval state known as Kievan Rus.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื™ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
00:28
In the first millennium,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:29
a large group of tribes spread through the dense woodlands of Eastern Europe.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:34
Because they had no writing system,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘,
00:36
much of what we know about them comes from three main sources:
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
00:40
archaeological evidence,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
00:42
accounts from literate scholars of the Roman Empire and the Middle East,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:47
and, lastly, an epic history called the Primary Chronicle
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืืคื™ืช
00:51
compiled in the 12th century by a monk named Nestor.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 12 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื ืกื˜ื•ืจ.
00:55
What they tell us is that these tribes who shared a common Slavic language
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืฉืคื” ืกืœืื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
01:00
and polytheistic religion
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ื•ื“ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
01:02
had by the 7th century split into western, southern and eastern branches,
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ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 7 ืœืคืœื’ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื,
01:08
the latter stretching from the Dniester River
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ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืจืขื• ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื™ืกื˜ืจ
01:10
to the Volga and the Baltic Sea.
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ืœื•ื•ืœื’ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื™.
01:12
As Nestor's story goes, after years of subjugation by Vikings from the north,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืกื˜ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
01:17
who, by the way, did not wear horned helmets in battle,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืœื ื—ื‘ืฉื• ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘,
01:21
the region's tribes revolted and drove back the Northmen,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžืจื“ื• ื•ื“ื—ืงื• ืืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:26
but left to their own devices, they turned on each other.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื ืคื ื• ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:30
Such chaos ensued that, ironically,
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ืฉืจืจ ื›ื–ื” ื›ืื•ืก, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™,
01:32
the tribes reached out to the foreigners they had just expelled,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื ื• ืœื–ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ืจืฉื•,
01:37
inviting them to return and establish order.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืกื“ืจ.
01:40
The Vikings accepted, sending a prince named Rurik and his two brothers to rule.
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ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•, ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ื ืกื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜.
01:46
With Rurik's son, Oleg, expanding his realm into the south,
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ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืœื’, ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืœื“ืจื•ื,
01:50
and moving the capitol to Kiev,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืงื™ื™ื‘,
01:52
a former outpost of the Khazar Empire,
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ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืงื–ืืจื™ืช,
01:55
the Kievan Rus was born,
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ืงื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืก ื ื•ืœื“ื”,
01:57
"Rus" most likely deriving from an old Norse word for "the men who row."
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"ืจื•ืก" ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืกืงื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” "ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืชืจื™ื."
02:03
The new princedom had complex relations with its neighbors,
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ืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
02:06
alternating between alliance and warfare with the Khazar and Byzantine Empires,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ืงื–ืืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช,
02:12
as well as neighboring tribes.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื.
02:14
Religion played an important role in politics,
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ื“ืช ืฉื—ืงื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:16
and as the legend goes, in 987,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช, ื‘ 987,
02:19
the Rus prince Vladamir I decided it was time to abandon Slavic paganism,
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ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™,
02:25
and sent emissaries to explore neighboring faiths.
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ื•ืฉืœื— ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
02:29
Put off by Islam's prohibition on alcohol
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ื ืจืชืข ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืืกืœื
02:31
and Judaism's expulsion from its holy land,
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ื•ื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ,
02:34
the ruler settled on Orthodox Christianity
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช
02:37
after hearing odd accounts of its ceremonies.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:42
With Vladimir's conversion and marriage to the Byzantine emperor's sister,
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ืขื ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™,
02:45
as well as continued trade along the Volga route,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื”,
02:48
the relationship between the two civilizations deepened.
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืง.
02:52
Byzantine missionaries created an alphabet for Slavic languages
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ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืกืœืื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:56
based on a modified Greek script
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื
02:58
while Rus Viking warriors served as the Byzantine Emperor's elite guard.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืฉืจืชื• ื›ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืขื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™.
03:03
For several generations,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:05
the Kievan Rus flourished from its rich resources and trade.
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ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ.
03:09
Its noblemen and noblewomen married prominent European rulers,
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ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
03:13
while residents of some cities enjoyed great culture,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”,
03:16
literacy, and even democratic freedoms uncommon for the time.
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ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
03:21
But nothing lasts forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืขื“.
03:23
Fratricidal disputes over succession began to erode central power
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ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
03:28
as increasingly independent cities ruled by rival princes vied for control.
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ื›ืฉืขืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืชืจื• ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
03:34
The Fourth Crusade and decline of Constantinople
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ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ
03:37
devastated the trade integral to Rus wealth and power,
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ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจื•ืก,
03:41
while Teutonic crusaders threatened northern territories.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:45
The final blow, however, would come from the east.
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ื”ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื‘ื•ื ืžืžื–ืจื—.
03:48
Consumed by their squabbles,
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ืื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื,
03:51
Rus princes paid little attention to the rumors
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ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช
03:53
of a mysterious unstoppable hoard
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ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”
03:56
until 1237, when 35,000 mounted archers led by Batu Khan
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ืขื“ 1237, ืื– 35,000 ืงืฉืชื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื• ื—ืืŸ
04:03
swept through the Rus cities,
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ืฉื˜ืคื• ืืช ืขืจื™ ืจื•ืก,
04:05
sacking Kiev before continuing on to Hungary and Poland.
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ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืืช ืงื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.
04:10
The age of Kievan Rus had come to an end, its people now divided.
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ื“ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ ืจื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืคื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:15
In the east, which remained under Mongol rule,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช,
04:17
a remote trading post, known as Moscow,
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืกื—ืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื•ืกืงื•ื•ื”,
04:20
would grow to challenge the power of the Khans,
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ืชื’ื“ืœ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืื ื™ื,
04:23
conquering parts of their fragmenting empire,
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ื•ืชื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจื“ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:26
and, in many ways, succeeding it.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืชื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
04:28
As it absorbed other eastern Rus territories,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืกืคื’ื” ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืก ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:31
it reclaimed the old name in its Greek form, Ruscia.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
04:36
Meanwhile, the western regions whose leaders had avoided destruction
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื—ืจื‘ื”
04:39
through political maneuvering until the hoard withdrew
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ื“ืจืš ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ืกื•ื’
04:42
came under the influence of Poland and Lithuania.
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ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื˜ื.
04:46
For the next few centuries,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:47
the former lands of Kievan Rus
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ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื‘ ืจื•ืก ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
04:49
populated by Slavs,
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ืื•ื›ืœืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืœืื‘ื™ื,
04:51
ruled by Vikings,
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ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื,
04:53
taught by Greeks,
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ืœื•ืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
04:54
and split by Mongols
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ื•ืคื•ืฆืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื
04:56
would develop differences in society, culture and language
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ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืคื”
05:00
that remain to the present day.
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ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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