The history of the world according to corn - Chris A. Kniesly

2,545,587 views ใƒป 2019-11-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Corn currently accounts for more than one tenth of our global crop production.
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ืชื™ืจืก ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
00:12
The United States alone has enough cornfields to cover Germany.
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืจืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
00:17
But while other crops we grow come in a range of varieties,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:20
over 99% of cultivated corn is the exact same type: Yellow Dent #2.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 99% ืžื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’: ื“ื ื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ #2.
00:28
This means that humans grow more Yellow Dent #2
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื ื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ #2
00:32
than any other plant on the planet.
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ืžื›ืœ ืฆืžื— ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:35
So how did this single variety of this single plant
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
00:38
become the biggest success story in agricultural history?
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ื”ืคืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช?
00:43
Nearly 9,000 years ago, corn, also called maize,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 9000 ืฉื ื”, ืชื™ืจืก, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืžื™ื™ื–,
00:47
was first domesticated from teosinte, a grass native to Mesoamerica.
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ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื”, ืขืฉื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืกื• ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:52
Teosinteโ€™s rock-hard seeds were barely edible,
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื›ื™ืœื™ื,
00:56
but its fibrous husk could be turned into a versatile material.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
01:01
Over the next 4,700 years, farmers bred the plant into a staple crop,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 4700 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ืจื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
01:07
with larger cobs and edible kernels.
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ืขื ืงืœื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื.
01:10
As maize spread throughout the Americas, it took on an important role,
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ื›ืฉืชื™ืจืก ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:14
with multiple indigenous societies revering a โ€œCorn Motherโ€
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ืืช "ืื ื”ืชื™ืจืก"
01:18
as the goddess who created agriculture.
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:21
When Europeans first arrived in America, they shunned the strange plant.
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ื›ืฉื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:26
Many even believed it was the source of physical and cultural differences
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื
01:30
between them and the Mesoamericans.
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ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
01:32
However,
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ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:33
their attempts to cultivate European crops in American soil quickly failed,
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ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืจื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”,
01:38
and the settlers were forced to expand their diet.
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ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:41
Finding the crop to their taste, maize soon crossed the Atlantic,
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ื›ืฉืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืœื˜ืขืžื, ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื—ืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
01:45
where its ability to grow in diverse climates made it a popular grain
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
01:50
in many European countries.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช.
01:52
But the newly established United States was still the corn capital of the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืจืง ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:58
In the early 1800โ€™s, different regions across the country
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
02:01
produced strains of varying size and taste.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:05
In the 1850โ€™s, however,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ 1850,
02:07
these unique varieties proved difficult for train operators to package,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืงืฉื™ื ืœืืจื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
02:12
and for traders to sell.
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ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื.
02:14
Trade boards in rail hubs like Chicago encouraged corn farmers
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ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ืชื™ืจืก
02:18
to breed one standardized crop.
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืื—ื™ื“.
02:20
This dream would finally be realized at 1893โ€™s Worldโ€™s Fair,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื’ืฉื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ 1893,
02:26
where James Reidโ€™s yellow dent corn won the Blue Ribbon.
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ืฉื ืชื™ืจืก ื“ื ื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืจื™ื“ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
02:31
Over the next 50 years, yellow dent corn swept the nation.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืชื™ืจืก ื“ื ื˜ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืกื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื”.
02:35
Following the technological developments of World War II,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:38
mechanized harvesters became widely available.
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ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘.
02:41
This meant a batch of corn that previously took a full day to harvest by hand
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ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื“ื” ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืคืขื ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืœืงืฆื™ืจ ื™ื“ื ื™
02:46
could now be collected in just 5 minutes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืืกืฃ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš 5 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:49
Another wartime technology, the chemical explosive ammonium nitrate,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืคืฅ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื˜,
02:54
also found new life on the farm.
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ืžืฆื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื”.
02:57
With this new synthetic fertilizer,
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ืขื ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
02:59
farmers could plant dense fields of corn year after year,
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ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
03:03
without the need to rotate their crops and restore nitrogen to the soil.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
03:07
While these advances made corn an attractive crop to American farmers,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
03:12
US agricultural policy limited the amount farmers could grow
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ
03:16
to ensure high sale prices.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:18
But in 1972, President Richard Nixon removed these limitations
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1972, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
03:23
while negotiating massive grain sales to the Soviet Union.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
03:27
With this new trade deal and WWII technology,
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ืขื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
03:30
corn production exploded into a global phenomenon.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
03:35
These mountains of maize inspired numerous corn concoctions.
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ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ืจืก.
03:39
Cornstarch could be used as a thickening agent for everything from gasoline to glue
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ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืชื™ืจืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ืœืง ืœื“ื‘ืง
03:44
or processed into a low-cost sweetener known as High-Fructose Corn Syrup.
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ืื• ื›ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืžืชื™ืง ื–ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืชื™ืจืก ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–.
03:50
Maize quickly became one of the cheapest animal feeds worldwide.
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ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:55
This allowed for inexpensive meat production,
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ื–ื•ืœ,
03:57
which in turn increased the demand for meat and corn feed.
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ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืชื™ืจืก ืœืžืื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:01
Today, humans eat only 40% of all cultivated corn,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจืง 40% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช,
04:06
while the remaining 60% supports consumer good industries worldwide.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 60% ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:12
Yet the spread of this wonder-crop has come at a price.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ.
04:16
Global water sources are polluted by excess ammonium nitrate from cornfields.
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ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื˜ ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืจืก.
04:21
Corn accounts for a large portion of agriculture-related carbon emissions,
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ืชื™ืจืก ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
04:26
partly due to the increased meat production it enables.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ.
04:29
The use of high fructose corn syrup may be a contributor to diabetes and obesity.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืชื™ืจืก ืขืฉื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื– ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื ืœืกื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื ื”.
04:35
And the rise of monoculture farming
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ื“ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช
04:37
has left our food supply dangerously vulnerable to pests and pathogensโ€”
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื --
04:42
a single virus could infect the worldโ€™s supply of this ubiquitous crop.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื”.
04:48
Corn has gone from a bushy grass
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ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืคืš ืžืขืฉื‘ ืฆืคื•ืฃ
04:51
to an essential element of the worldโ€™s industries.
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ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
04:54
But only time will tell if it has led us into a maze of unsustainability.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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