The genius of Mendeleev's periodic table - Lou Serico

3,165,847 views ใƒป 2012-11-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:13
The periodic table is instantly recognizable.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืžื™ื“.
00:17
It's not just in every chemistry lab worldwide,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:19
it's found on t-shirts, coffee mugs, and shower curtains.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ืกืคืœื™ ืงืคื”, ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”.
00:23
But the periodic table isn't just another trendy icon.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
00:26
It's a massive slab of human genius,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื— ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:29
up there with the Taj Mahal, the Mona Lisa, and the ice cream sandwich --
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ื•ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ืื’' ืžืื”ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงืกื˜ื” --
00:34
and the table's creator, Dmitri Mendeleev, is a bonafide science hall-of-famer.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:40
But why? What's so great about him and his table?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”? ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคืœื ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช?
00:42
Is it because he made a comprehensive list of the known elements?
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื?
00:46
Nah, you don't earn a spot in science Valhalla just for making a list.
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ืœื, ืืชื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ืœื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
00:50
Besides, Mendeleev was far from the first person to do that.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:54
Is it because Mendeleev arranged elements with similar properties together?
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื“?
00:58
Not really, that had already been done too.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ, ื’ื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื”.
01:01
So what was Mendeleev's genius?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘?
01:03
Let's look at one of the first versions of the periodic table from around 1870.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจ 1870.
01:08
Here we see elements designated by their two-letter symbols arranged in a table.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”.
01:12
Check out the entry of the third column, fifth row.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช.
01:15
There's a dash there.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฃ ืฉื.
01:17
From that unassuming placeholder springs the raw brilliance of Mendeleev.
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ืžืžืžืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘.
01:22
That dash is science.
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ื”ืžืงืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืข.
01:25
By putting that dash there, Dmitri was making a bold statement.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืงืฃ ืฉื, ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช.
01:28
He said -- and I'm paraphrasing here --
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ - ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคื” --
01:31
Y'all haven't discovered this element yet. In the meantime, I'm going to give it a name.
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ืืชื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื.
01:35
It's one step away from aluminum, so we'll call it eka-aluminum,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืื– ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื• ืืงื”-ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื,
01:39
"eka" being Sanskrit for one.
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ื›ืฉ"ืืงื”" ื‘ืกื ืกืงืจื™ื˜ ื–ื” ืื—ื“.
01:41
Nobody's found eka-aluminum yet, so we don't know anything about it, right?
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฆื ืืช ืืงื”-ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:45
Wrong! Based on where it's located, I can tell you all about it.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช! ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:51
First of all, an atom of eka-aluminum has an atomic weight of 68,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืงื”-ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ 68,
01:55
about 68 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.
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ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 68 ืžืื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ.
01:58
When eka-aluminum is isolated, you'll see it's a solid metal at room temperature.
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ื›ืฉ ืืงื”-ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
02:02
It's shiny, it conducts heat really well,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื—ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:04
it can be flattened into a sheet, stretched into a wire,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืจื™ืขื”, ืœืžืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื˜,
02:07
but its melting point is low. Like, freakishly low.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืžืžืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
02:11
Oh, and a cubic centimeter of it will weigh six grams.
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ืื•, ื•ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ืจื.
02:15
Mendeleev could predict all of these things simply from where the blank spot was,
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ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจื™ืง,
02:20
and his understanding of how the elements surrounding it behave.
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•.
02:23
A few years after this prediction,
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ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
02:25
a French guy named Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืคืื•ืœ ืืžื™ืœ ืœืงื•ืง ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื™ืกื‘ืื•ื“ืจืŸ
02:29
discovered a new element in ore samples
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ื’ื™ืœื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืคืจื”
02:31
and named it gallium after Gaul, the historical name for France.
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ื•ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื’ืœื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื”ืฉื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช.
02:35
Gallium is one step away from aluminum on the periodic table.
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ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
02:38
It's eka-aluminum. So were Mendeleev's predictions right?
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ื–ื” ืืงื”-ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื. ืื– ื”ืื ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช?
02:43
Gallium's atomic weight is 69.72.
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ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื 69.72.
02:46
A cubic centimeter of it weighs 5.9 grams.
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ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ืงืœ 5.9 ื’ืจื.
02:50
it's a solid metal at room temperature,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
02:52
but it melts at a paltry 30 degrees Celcius,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
02:56
85 degrees Fahrenheit.
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85 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.
02:58
It melts in your mouth and in your hand.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“.
03:01
Not only did Mendeleev completely nail gallium,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื“ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืœื™ื•ื,
03:03
he predicted other elements that were unknown at the time:
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ:
03:06
scandium, germanium, rhenium.
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ืกืงื ื“ื™ื•ื, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ื, ืจื ื™ื•ื.
03:09
The element he called eka-manganese is now called technetium.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ืงืจื ืืงื”-ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื˜ื™ื•ื.
03:13
Technetium is so rare it couldn't be isolated until it was synthesized in a cyclotron in 1937,
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ื˜ื›ื ื˜ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื ืชื– ื‘ืฆื™ืงืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘1937,
03:21
almost 70 years after Dmitri predicted its existence,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 70 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ืžื˜ืจื™ ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•,
03:26
30 years after he died.
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30 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•.
03:28
Dmitri died without a Nobel Prize in 1907, but he wound up receiving a much more exclusive honor.
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ื“ืžื˜ืจื™ ืžืช ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ 1907, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
03:34
In 1955, scientists at UC Berkeley successfully created 17 atoms of a previously undiscovered element.
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ื‘1955, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” 17 ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขื“ ืื–.
03:43
This element filled an empty spot in the perodic table at number 101,
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื™ืง ื”101 ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
03:48
and was officially named Mendelevium in 1963.
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ื•ื ืงืจื ืจื™ืฉืžื™ืช ืžื ื“ืœื™ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘1963.
03:52
There have been well over 800 Nobel Prize winners,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ800 ื–ื•ื›ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœ,
03:55
but only 15 scientists have an element named after them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœ15 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืžื.
03:59
So the next time you stare at a periodic table,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:02
whether it's on the wall of a university classroom or on a five-dollar coffee mug,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื” ืฉืœ 5 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
04:06
Dmitri Mendeleev, the architect of the periodic table,
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ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
04:10
will be staring back.
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ื™ืฆืคื” ื‘ื›ื ื—ื–ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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