The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire - Stephanie Honchell Smith

1,005,741 views ใƒป 2023-05-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Itโ€™s 1526 in what is now Northern India,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1526 ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:10
and Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi is about to face off against a prince
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ืœื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื ืกื™ืš
00:14
from Central Asia, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
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ืžืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ.
00:19
To quash the threat, the Sultan brings his war elephants to battle.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืืช ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœืงืจื‘.
00:23
But itโ€™s said that the explosions of Baburโ€™s cannons and muskets
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ
00:27
startled the elephants and they trampled the Sultanโ€™s own army.
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ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืจืžืกื• ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
00:32
Babur had long harbored ambitions of building his own empire.
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ืœื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžืฉืœื•.
00:35
Though he was descended from some of the worldโ€™s most successful conquerors,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:39
he struggled to gain a foothold
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ื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ืง ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ืจื™ืกืช ืจื’ืœ
00:41
among the many ambitious princes in Central Asia.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
00:45
So he turned his attention to India,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:47
where his descendants stayed and built the Mughal Empire,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื”ื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช,
00:51
one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื
00:55
and home to nearly a quarter of the global population.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืจื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
00:59
Babur died just four years after that fateful battle,
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ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ ืžืช ืจืง ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ ื”ื–ื”,
01:02
but his own memoirs and the work of his descendants
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื•
01:05
immortalized him in colorful fashion.
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช.
01:08
His daughter, Gulbadan, recalled in her own memoir how Baburโ€”
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ื‘ืชื•, ื’ื•ืœื‘ื“ืืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืื™ืš ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ-
01:12
having recently given up drinkingโ€”
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” -
01:14
filled a newly-constructed pool with lemonade rather than wine.
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ืžื™ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:19
His grandson, Akbar, commissioned exquisite miniature paintings
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ื ื›ื“ื•, ืื›ื‘ืจ, ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื
01:23
of Baburโ€™s storiesโ€”
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ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืจ -
01:24
one depicted the empireโ€™s founder riding through his camp,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:28
drunkenly slumped over his horse.
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ืฉืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืกื•.
01:30
It was Akbar who consolidated Mughal power.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื—ื“ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™.
01:33
He established protections for peasantsโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื -
01:35
which in turn increased their productivity and generated more tax revenueโ€”
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื -
01:39
and embarked on military campaigns to expand Mughal territory.
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™.
01:44
Princes who swore allegiance to him were rewarded,
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ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื• ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
01:47
while he made brutal examples of those who resisted,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•,
01:50
killing them and many of their subjects.
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ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืชื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:53
His conquests opened access to port cities on the Indian Ocean,
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ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืขืจื™ ื ืžืœ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
01:57
which connected the Mughals to Arab, Chinese, Ottoman, and European traders,
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ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืกื™ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื,
02:02
bringing in incalculable wealth,
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก,
02:04
including silver and new crops from the Americas.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:08
As the Muslim ruler of a diverse, multiethnic empire,
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ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืจื‘ ืืชื ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช,
02:12
Akbar worked to create internal cohesion by appointing members
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ืื›ื‘ืจ ืคืขืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
02:15
of the Hindu majority to high positions in his government,
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ืžื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื•,
02:19
marrying a Hindu bride,
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ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช,
02:20
and distributing translated copies of the โ€œMahabharata,โ€
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ื•ื”ืคืฆืช ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”โ€œืžื”ื‘ื”ืืจื˜ื”โ€œ,
02:24
an ancient Indian epic poem, to his Muslim nobles.
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ืฉื™ืจ ืืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืชื™ืง, ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
02:28
Akbar also hosted lively religious debates where Sunni and Shia Muslims,
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ืื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืื™ืจื— ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื™ื,
02:33
Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื, ื’โ€™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื,
02:35
and the newly arrived Portuguese Jesuit missionaries
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
02:39
defended the merits of their respective faiths.
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ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:41
While most participants viewed this as an intellectual exercise,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™,
02:45
Portuguese missionaries were disappointed by their failure to convert Akbar.
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ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ื• ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื›ื‘ืจ.
02:50
The Mughals built architectural masterpieces
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ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
02:53
such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืื’โ€ฒ ืžืื”ืœ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
02:55
a palace three kilometers around, that housed 50,000 people
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ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 3 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื , ืฉืื›ืœืก 50,000 ืื™ืฉ
02:59
and contained the magnificent gold and jewel-encrusted Peacock Throne.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืก ื”ื˜ื•ื•ืก ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ืžื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืขื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:04
Just the throne took seven years to construct.
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ืจืง ืืช ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืงื— ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
03:07
During its first 180 years, the Mughals had only six rulers,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 180 ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
03:12
which contributed to the empireโ€™s stability.
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ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
03:15
When the fourth emperor, Jahangir,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื’โ€™ื”ืื ื’ื™ืจ,
03:17
struggled with alcohol and opioid addiction,
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ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
03:20
his wife, Nur Jahan, took the reins as co-ruler.
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ืืฉืชื•, ื ื•ืจ ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ, ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื”.
03:24
When a traitorous general captured her husband in an attempted coup,
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ื›ืฉื’ื ืจืœ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ื”,
03:27
she negotiated his release and rallied the army to stop the rebellion.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ื•ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื“.
03:32
She once led a hunting party to track down a tiger that was terrorizing a village,
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ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ื ืžืจ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ,
03:37
leading one poet to write:
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘:
03:39
โ€œThough Nur Jahan be in form of a woman/ In the ranks of men sheโ€™s a tiger-slayer.โ€
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โ€œืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืจ ื’โ€™ื”ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”/ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืœืช ื ืžืจื™ืโ€œ.
03:46
Following the death of the sixth emperor, Aurangzeb, in 1707,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืื•ืจื ื’ื–ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1707,
03:50
seven emperors took the throne over the next 21 years.
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 21 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
03:55
These frequent transitions of power reflected
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืงืคื•
03:57
the larger political, economic, social, and environmental crises
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:01
that plagued the empire throughout the 18th century.
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ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18.
04:06
In response to this turmoil,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื”ื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:07
regional leaders started refusing to pay taxes and broke away from Mughal control.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืกืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืžืกื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืชืงื• ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช.
04:13
The British East India Company offered military support to these regional rulers,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
04:18
which in turn increased the company's political influence,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:21
enabling it to eventually take direct control of Bengal,
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœ,
04:24
one of the wealthiest regions in India.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
04:27
By the 19th century, the East India Company had massive political influence
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
04:32
and a large standing army, which included Indian troops.
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ื•ืฆื‘ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
04:36
When these troops revolted in 1857,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืจื“ื• ื‘-1857,
04:39
aiming to force out the British and restore Mughal influence,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช,
04:42
the British government intervened,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื”,
04:44
replacing company rule with direct colonial rule,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
04:48
deposing the last Mughal emperor and sending him into exile.
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ื”ื“ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
04:52
And so, over three centuries after its founding,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื”,
04:56
the Mughal Empire came to an end.
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื™ืฆื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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