The rise and fall of the Mughal Empire - Stephanie Honchell Smith

1,202,435 views ・ 2023-05-04

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Kwon Beomjin κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
It’s 1526 in what is now Northern India,
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λ•ŒλŠ” 1526λ…„ ν˜„μž¬ 인도 λΆλΆ€μ—μ„œ
00:10
and Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi is about to face off against a prince
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μˆ νƒ„ μ΄λΈŒλΌμž„ λ‘œλ”” λΌλŠ” 인물이 λŒ€κ²°ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆλ˜ ν•œ 왕은,
00:14
from Central Asia, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
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μ€‘μ•™μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μžνžˆλ£¨λ”˜ λ¬΄ν•˜λ§ˆλ“œ λ°”λ²„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
To quash the threat, the Sultan brings his war elephants to battle.
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κ·Έ μ™•μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μ„ μ§„μ••ν•˜λ €λ˜ μˆ νƒ„μ€ 코끼리 무리λ₯Ό μ „μŸμ— λŒμ–΄λ“€μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜,
00:23
But it’s said that the explosions of Babur’s cannons and muskets
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λ– λ„λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°λŠ” λ°”λ²„μ™•μ˜ μ†Œμ΄κ³Ό λŒ€ν¬μ˜ ν­λ°œμ†Œλ¦¬μ—
00:27
startled the elephants and they trampled the Sultan’s own army.
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코끼리듀은 λ†€λΌκ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ 였히렀 μˆ νƒ„μ˜ κ΅°λŒ€λ₯Ό μ§“λ°Ÿκ²Œ 될 거라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
Babur had long harbored ambitions of building his own empire.
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바버왕은 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ œκ΅­κ±΄μ„€μ˜ 야망을 μ§€κΈˆκ» ν’ˆμ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
Though he was descended from some of the world’s most successful conquerors,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 우리 μ„Έμƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 업적을 κ°€μ§„ μ˜μ›…λ“€μ˜ 후손 μ΄μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„,
00:39
he struggled to gain a foothold
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μžμ‹ μ˜ κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ‹€μ§€λŠ” μ• λ₯Ό μ¨μ•Όν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:41
among the many ambitious princes in Central Asia.
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μ΄μœ λŠ” 쀑앙 μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 왕듀이 야망을 ν’ˆκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
So he turned his attention to India,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μΈλ„λ‘œ 관심을 λŒλ ΈλŠ”λ°
00:47
where his descendants stayed and built the Mughal Empire,
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그의 후손듀이 λ¨Έλ¬Όλ©° 그곳에 λ¬΄κ΅΄μ œκ΅­μ„ κ±΄μ„€ν–ˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
00:51
one of the wealthiest and most powerful states in the early modern world
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κ·ΌλŒ€ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ λΆ€μœ ν•˜κ³  κ°•λ ₯ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
00:55
and home to nearly a quarter of the global population.
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세계 4λΆ„μ˜ 1에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 인ꡬ의 λ³Έκ±°μ§€μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Babur died just four years after that fateful battle,
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바버왕은 μˆ™λͺ…적 μ „μŸμ„ 치λ₯Έ 4λ…„ 후에 μˆœμ§ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜,
01:02
but his own memoirs and the work of his descendants
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κ·Έκ°€ κΈ°λ‘ν•œ 것듀과 ν›„μ†λ“€μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯이
01:05
immortalized him in colorful fashion.
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κ·Έλ₯Ό μ˜μ›νžˆ ν™”λ €ν•˜κ²Œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
His daughter, Gulbadan, recalled in her own memoir how Baburβ€”
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λ°”λ²„μ˜ λ”Έ 걸바단은 μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ νšŒκ³ λ‘μ„ 보고
01:12
having recently given up drinkingβ€”
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μˆ μ„ 더 이상 λ§ˆμ‹œμ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°
01:14
filled a newly-constructed pool with lemonade rather than wine.
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μ΄λŠ” 바버왕이 μƒˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  수영μž₯에 포도주 λŒ€μ‹  레λͺ¨λ„€μ΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ±„μ› λ˜ μΌν™”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
His grandson, Akbar, commissioned exquisite miniature paintings
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그리고 λ°”λ²„μ˜ μ†μžμΈ 아크바가 아버지에 κ΄€ν•œ
01:23
of Babur’s storiesβ€”
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μ„Έλ°€ν™”λ₯Ό μ˜λ’°ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°
01:24
one depicted the empire’s founder riding through his camp,
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μˆ μ— μ·¨ν•œ 채 말에 μ—…ν˜€μ„œ μ§„μ˜μ„ λ§΄λ„λŠ”
01:28
drunkenly slumped over his horse.
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κ·Έ 제ꡭ μ°½μ‹œμžμ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ¬˜μ‚¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
It was Akbar who consolidated Mughal power.
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무꡴의 νž˜μ„ ν†΅ν•©ν–ˆλ˜ μ£Όμš”ν•œ 인물이 λ°”λ‘œ μ•„ν¬λ°”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
He established protections for peasantsβ€”
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κ·ΈλŠ” 농민 보호 정책을 μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜μ—¬
01:35
which in turn increased their productivity and generated more tax revenueβ€”
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κ²°κ΅­ 생산성을 높이고 더 λ§Žμ€ μ„ΈκΈˆ ν˜œνƒμ„ μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄μ–΄,
01:39
and embarked on military campaigns to expand Mughal territory.
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무꡴ μ˜ν† ν™•μž₯을 μœ„ν•œ ꡰ사적 μš΄λ™μ„ μ°©μˆ˜ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Princes who swore allegiance to him were rewarded,
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λ³ΈμΈμ—κ²Œ 좩성을 λ§Ήμ„Έν•œ ꡰ주듀에 그에 λ”°λ₯Έ 보상을 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:47
while he made brutal examples of those who resisted,
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λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆλ˜ μ΄λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ°Έν˜Ήν•œ 본보기둜
01:50
killing them and many of their subjects.
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κ΅°μ£Όλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 주민듀을 μ£½μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
His conquests opened access to port cities on the Indian Ocean,
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그의 정볡은 μΈλ„μ–‘μ˜ ν•­λ§Œλ„μ‹œλ‘œ κ΅ν†΅νŽΈμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
01:57
which connected the Mughals to Arab, Chinese, Ottoman, and European traders,
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무꡴제ꡭ이 μ•„λž, 쀑ꡭ, μ˜€ν† λ§Œκ³Ό μœ λŸ½κΉŒμ§€ 걸친 ꡐλ₯˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“¦μœΌλ‘œ
02:02
bringing in incalculable wealth,
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μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ λΆ€λ₯Ό λŒμ–΄λ“€μ΄κ³ 
02:04
including silver and new crops from the Americas.
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아메리카 λŒ€λ₯™μ—μ„œ 은과 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ³‘μ‹κΉŒμ§€ λ“€μ—¬μ˜¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
As the Muslim ruler of a diverse, multiethnic empire,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€λ¬Έν™” 제ꡭ인 무슬림 ν†΅μΉ˜μžμ˜€λ˜
02:12
Akbar worked to create internal cohesion by appointing members
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μ•„ν¬λ°”λŠ” 내뢀결속을 λ‹€μ§€λ €κ³  λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ νžŒλ‘κ΅μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ
02:15
of the Hindu majority to high positions in his government,
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μ •λΆ€μ˜ μƒμœ„ 직책을 λ‚΄μ–΄μ£Όκ³ 
02:19
marrying a Hindu bride,
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같은 νžŒλ‘κ΅μΈ μ‹ λΆ€λ₯Ό λ§žμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ—¬
02:20
and distributing translated copies of the β€œMahabharata,”
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β€œλ§ˆν•˜λΈŒλΌνƒ€β€œμ˜ λ²ˆμ—­λ³Έμ„ 널리 μ•Œλ ΈλŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ”
02:24
an ancient Indian epic poem, to his Muslim nobles.
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κ·Έκ°€ μ†ν•œ 무슬림 귀쑱듀에 μ†ν•œ ν•œ κ³ λŒ€ μΈλ„μ˜ μ„œμ‚¬μ‹œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
Akbar also hosted lively religious debates where Sunni and Shia Muslims,
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μ•„ν¬λ°”λŠ” λ˜ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쒅ꡐ 간에 λ²Œμ–΄μ§„ ν™œλ°œν•œ λ…ΌμŸλ“€ λ˜ν•œ μˆ˜μš©ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ° μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ”
02:33
Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
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νžŒλ‘κ΅, μžμ΄λ‚˜κ΅, μ‘°λ‘œμ•„μŠ€ν„°κ΅ μ‹ μžλ“€κ³Ό
02:35
and the newly arrived Portuguese Jesuit missionaries
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그리고 이제 막 ν¬ν•¨λœ 포루투갈의 예수회 선ꡐ인듀도 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
defended the merits of their respective faiths.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ€ 각자 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ§€ν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
While most participants viewed this as an intellectual exercise,
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포λ₯΄νˆ¬κ°ˆ 선ꡐ인듀을 μ œμ™Έν•œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 지성적인 ν™œλ™μœΌλ‘œ λ΄€λŠ”λ°,
02:45
Portuguese missionaries were disappointed by their failure to convert Akbar.
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μ•„ν¬λ°”μ˜ κ°œμ’…μ„ μ›ν–ˆλ˜ 선ꡐ인듀이 κΈ°λŒ€μ— 저버렸기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
The Mughals built architectural masterpieces
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λ¬΄κ΅΄μ œκ΅­μ€ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 건좕물을 λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort,
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λŒ€ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ νƒ€μ§€λ§ˆν• , λ ˆλ“œν¬νŠΈμ΄λ©°, 이듀은
02:55
a palace three kilometers around, that housed 50,000 people
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3km에 이λ₯΄λŠ” 성곽에 5만 λͺ…을 μˆ˜μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κΆμ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
and contained the magnificent gold and jewel-encrusted Peacock Throne.
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λ‚΄λΆ€μ—λŠ” λ°©λŒ€ν•œ 금과 λ³΄μ„μœΌλ‘œ λ„κΈˆλœ ν™”λ €ν•œ μ™•μ’Œκ°€ λ³΄κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
Just the throne took seven years to construct.
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이것을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데만 7λ…„μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ Έλ‹€κ³  μ „ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
During its first 180 years, the Mughals had only six rulers,
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초기 180λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ— λ¬΄κ΅΄μ œκ΅­μ€ 단지 6λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ
03:12
which contributed to the empire’s stability.
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λ³Έ 제ꡭ의 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜μ—¬ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
When the fourth emperor, Jahangir,
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λ„€ 번째 κ΅­μ™•μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ μžν•œμ§€λŠ”
03:17
struggled with alcohol and opioid addiction,
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술과 μ•„νŽΈμ€‘λ…μ„ 떨쳐버릴 수 μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
03:20
his wife, Nur Jahan, took the reins as co-ruler.
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이에 그의 뢀인인 λˆ„ μžν•œμ΄ λŒ€μ‹  κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
When a traitorous general captured her husband in an attempted coup,
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ν•œ λ°˜μ—­μŠ€λŸ° μž₯ꡰ이 쿠데타λ₯Ό 일으켜 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ‚¨νŽΈμ„ μ²΄ν¬ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:27
she negotiated his release and rallied the army to stop the rebellion.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 풀어쀄 것을 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³  ꡰ사λ ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ§„μ••ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
She once led a hunting party to track down a tiger that was terrorizing a village,
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ν•œλ•Œ, κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ§ˆμ„μ„ μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ˜ ν˜Έλž‘μ΄ ν•œ 마리λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°
03:37
leading one poet to write:
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ν•œ μ‹œμΈμ΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
β€œThough Nur Jahan be in form of a woman/ In the ranks of men she’s a tiger-slayer.”
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β€œλΉ„λ‘ μ—¬μ„±μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κ°€μ§„ λˆ„ μžν•œ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ/ μ§„μ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ” ν˜Έλž‘μ΄ ν‚¬λŸ¬μΈ 그녀”
03:46
Following the death of the sixth emperor, Aurangzeb, in 1707,
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μ—¬μ„― 번째 μ œμ™•μ΄ 죽은 λ‹€μŒμ— μ•„μš°λž‘μ œλΈŒκ°€ 1707년에
03:50
seven emperors took the throne over the next 21 years.
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제 일곱 번째 μ œμ™•μ„ κ±°λ¨Έμ₯λ©° 21μ„ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄ ν†΅μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
These frequent transitions of power reflected
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ꢌλ ₯이 μ΄λŸ°μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λΉˆλ²ˆν•˜κ²Œ λ°”λ€Œλ©΄μ„œ
03:57
the larger political, economic, social, and environmental crises
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μ •μΉ˜, 경제, μ‚¬νšŒ, ν™˜κ²½μ  ν˜Όλž€μ„ 가져와
04:01
that plagued the empire throughout the 18th century.
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18μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ λ‚΄λ‚΄ μ œκ΅­μ„ κ΄΄λ‘­ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
In response to this turmoil,
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이런 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ° μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
04:07
regional leaders started refusing to pay taxes and broke away from Mughal control.
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μ§€μ—­ ꡰ주듀은 λ‚©μ„Έλ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•˜κ³  무꡴제ꡭ의 ν†΅μΉ˜μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
The British East India Company offered military support to these regional rulers,
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영ꡭ의 동인도 쑰합이 이 μ§€μ—­ κ΅°μ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ ꡰ사적 지원을 ν•΄μ£Όμ–΄
04:18
which in turn increased the company's political influence,
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이 쑰합은 μ •μΉ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„Έλ ₯을 κ°•ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
04:21
enabling it to eventually take direct control of Bengal,
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κ²°κ΅­ λ±…κ°ˆμ„ 직접 ν†΅μΉ˜ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ–΄
04:24
one of the wealthiest regions in India.
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μΈλ„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λΆ€μœ ν•œ μ§€μ—­ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
By the 19th century, the East India Company had massive political influence
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19μ„ΈκΈ° μ§μ „κΉŒμ§€, 동인도 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ„Έλ ₯은 μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
04:32
and a large standing army, which included Indian troops.
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인도 병λ ₯κΉŒμ§€ ν¬κ΄„ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 상비ꡰ을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
When these troops revolted in 1857,
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1857λ…„, κ·Έ 병λ ₯듀이 λ‹€μ‹œ λ°˜λž€μ„ 일으켜
04:39
aiming to force out the British and restore Mughal influence,
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μ˜κ΅­μ„ λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄κ³  무꡴의 μ„Έλ ₯을 λ‹€μ‹œ νšŒλ³΅ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜
04:42
the British government intervened,
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영ꡭ이 λ‹€μ‹œ κ°œμž…μ„ ν•˜μ—¬
04:44
replacing company rule with direct colonial rule,
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νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ κ·œμ •μ„ 직접적인 식민지 κ·œμ •μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈκ³ 
04:48
deposing the last Mughal emperor and sending him into exile.
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무꡴의 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν™©μ œλ₯Ό μΆ”λ°©ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
And so, over three centuries after its founding,
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κ·Έλ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ 제ꡭ이 μ„€λ¦½λœ μ§€ 3μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ μ§€λ‚˜
04:56
the Mughal Empire came to an end.
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κ²°κ΅­ λ¬΄κ΅΄μ œκ΅­μ€ 막을 λ‚΄λ¦¬κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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