The spear-wielding stork who revolutionized science - Lucy Cooke

390,641 views ใƒป 2020-12-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
In May of 1822, Count Christian Ludwig von Bothmer
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ื‘ืžืื™ 1822, ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืชโ€™ืžืจ
00:13
shot down a stork over his castle grounds in North Germany.
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ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ืžืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
00:17
However, he wasnโ€™t the first person to hunt that specific bird.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
00:23
Upon recovering the stork,
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ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื”,
00:25
von Bothmer found it impaled by a yard long wooden spear.
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ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืชโ€™ืžืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืคื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื ื™ืช ืขืฅ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืจ.
00:30
A local professor determined the weapon was African in origin,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื ืฉืง ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™,
00:34
suggesting that somehow, this stork was speared in Africa
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื•ืคื“ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
00:38
and then flew over 2,500 kilometers to the countโ€™s castle.
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ื•ืื– ืขืคื” ืžืขืœ 2500 ืœื˜ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ.
ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื”.
00:44
This astonishing flight wasnโ€™t just evidence of the storkโ€™s resilience.
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00:48
It was an essential clue in a mystery that plagued scientists for centuries:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืžื– ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื:
00:54
the seasonal disappearance of birds.
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ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:57
Ancient naturalists had various theories to explain the annual vanishing act
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ืœื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช
01:02
we now know as migration.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
01:05
Aristotle himself proposed three particularly popular ideas.
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:11
One theory was that birds transformed into different bodies that suited the season.
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืขื•ื ื”.
01:16
For example, summer time garden warblers
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืกื‘ื›ื™ ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ
01:20
were believed to transform into black caps every winter.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืกื‘ื›ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
01:24
In reality these are two distinct speciesโ€” similar in shape and size,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื -- ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
01:28
but never appearing at the same time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:31
Over the following centuries, birds were said to morph into humans,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช, ื ืืžืจ ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
01:36
plants, and even the timbers of ships.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
01:40
This last transmutation was especially popular with many Christian clergy.
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ื”ืžื”ืคืš ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
01:45
If barnacle geese were truly made of wood,
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ืื ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฅ,
01:48
they could be deemed vegetarian and enjoyed during meatless fasts.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ.
01:54
Aristotleโ€™s second and even more enduring hypothesis was that birds hibernate.
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
02:00
This isnโ€™t so far-fetched.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:02
Some species do enter short,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื ืกื™ื,
02:04
deep sleeps which lower their heart rates and metabolisms.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื.
02:08
And thereโ€™s at least one truly hibernating bird:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ:
02:12
the common poorwill sleeps out winters in the deserts of North America.
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ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:16
But researchers were proposing much more outlandish forms of hibernation
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื“ืžืช
02:21
well into the 19th century.
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ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
02:23
Barn swallows were said to remove their feathers and hibernate in holes,
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉืกื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืกืžื™ื ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
ืื• ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
02:29
or sleep through the winter at the bottom of lakes and rivers.
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02:33
Aristotleโ€™s final theory was much more reasonable,
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:36
and resembled something like realistic migration.
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ื•ื“ืžืชื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
02:40
However, this idea was also taken to extremes.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ื’ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
02:44
In 1666, the leading migration advocate was convinced that each winter,
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ื‘ 1666, ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
02:50
birds flew to the moon.
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื• ืœื™ืจื—.
02:52
It might seem strange that prominent researchers considered such bizarre ideas.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืงืœื• ื›ืืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
02:58
But to be fair, the true story of migration
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื”
03:01
may be even harder to believe than their wildest theories.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:05
Roughly 20% of all bird species migrate each year,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 20% ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
03:09
following warm weather and fresh food around the planet.
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ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:12
For birds who spend their summers in the northern hemisphere,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
03:16
this journey can span from 700 to over 17,000 kilometers,
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ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 700 ืขื“ 17000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
03:22
with some flights lasting as long as four months.
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:26
Birds who migrate across oceans may soar without stopping for over 100 hours.
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ืฉืขื•ืช.
03:32
Sleeping and eating on the fly, they navigate the endless ocean
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ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืกื”, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™
03:37
by the stars, wind currents, and Earthโ€™s magnetic field.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:42
Tracking the specifics of these epic expeditions is notoriously difficult.
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ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:47
And while birds often take the most direct route possible,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
03:51
storms and human development can alter their paths,
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
03:54
further complicating our attempts to chart migration.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
03:58
Fortunately, Count von Bothmerโ€™s stork offered physical proof
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืชโ€™ืžืจ ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
04:02
not only that European storks were migrating south for the winter,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
04:06
but also where they were migrating to.
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ืืœื ืœืืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืจื•.
04:10
Ornithologists across the continent
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ืื•ืจื ื™ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
04:12
were eager to map the trajectory of this flight,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”,
04:15
including Johannes Thienemann.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื”ืื ืก ืช'ื™ื ืžืŸ.
04:18
Owner of the worldโ€™s first permanent bird observatory,
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ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:22
Thienemann was a major public advocate for the study of birds.
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ืช'ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
04:26
And to solve the fieldโ€™s biggest mystery,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
04:28
he wrangled an army of volunteers from across Germany.
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ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
04:32
His team used aluminum rings to tag the legs of two thousand storks
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช
04:38
with unique numbers and the address of his offices.
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ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื•.
04:42
Then he advertised the initiative as widely as possible.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ืœ.
04:47
His hope was that word of the experiment would find its way to Africa,
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ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”,
04:51
so people finding the tags would know to mail them back with more information.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:57
Sure enough, from 1908 to 1913,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืž 1908 ืขื“ 1913,
05:00
Thienemann received 178 rings, 48 of which had been found in Africa.
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ืชโ€™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ 178 ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, 48 ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:07
Using this data, he plotted the first migration route ever discovered,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื’ืœื”,
ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืขืคื• ืœื™ืจื—.
05:13
and definitively established that storks were not, in fact, flying to the moon.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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