Diagnosing a zombie: Brain and body (Part one) - Tim Verstynen & Bradley Voytek

853,564 views ใƒป 2012-10-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Tom Carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื) ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ 1: ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
00:17
Doctor 1: So, how did it get to be this way?
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00:21
Doctor 2: Well, itโ€™s my professional opinion that the large gaping bite mark
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ 2: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืคืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
00:25
on its shoulder might have something to do with it.
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00:28
D1: Thanks. I mean, what causes its behavioral abnormalities?
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ื“1: ืชื•ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื”?
00:33
D2: Well, we know all behaviors are rooted in the brain,
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ื“2: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
00:36
so Iโ€™d expect that somethingโ€™s gone terribly wrong, probably in there.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:40
D1: Thanks again, Doctor Obvious.
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ื“1: ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื•ื“ื”, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•.
00:43
Let me be more specific.
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ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
00:44
What changes in the brain would have to occur
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ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช?
00:47
in order to cause this kind of behavior?
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ื“2: ื”ืžืž. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”.
00:50
D2: Hmm. Well, let's see.
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00:52
The first thing I notice is how it moves.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื–.
00:54
Stiff legged, with long, lumbering steps, very slow and awkward.
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:00
Almost like what youโ€™d see in Parkinsonโ€™s disease.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.
01:03
Maybe somethingโ€™s wrong with his basal ganglia?
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื–ืœื™ ืฉืœื•?
01:05
Those are a collection of deep brain regions that regulate movement,
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ืืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
01:08
through a neurochemical called dopamine.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
01:10
Although most people think of dopamine as the โ€œhappyโ€ chemical of the brain,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื›ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื”"ืฉืžื—" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:14
the dopamine-containing neurons in the basal ganglia
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื–ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
01:17
die off in Parkinsonโ€™s diseaseโ€” thatโ€™s what causes it.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื”.
01:20
Makes it more and more difficult to initiate actions.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:23
D1: What?
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ื“1: ืžื”?
01:24
Look again at how it moves. Stiff legs, long stance.
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื–. ืจื’ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืืจื•ืš,
01:28
These arenโ€™t Parkinsonian movements;
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ืืœื” ืœื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
01:30
Parkinsonโ€™s patients take short, shuffling steps.
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01:33
And the postureโ€™s all wrong.
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:35
This looks to me like what happens when the cerebellum is damaged.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึธื˜ึธืŸ ื ืคื’ืข.
01:39
The cerebellumโ€™s a little cauliflower shaped area in the back of your head,
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ื”ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึธื˜ึธืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืชืŸ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืš.
01:42
but donโ€™t let its size fool you.
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01:44
That little guy contains almost half of the neurons in the entire brain.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:48
Patients who suffer degeneration from this region,
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:50
something called spino-cerebellar ataxia,
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ืื˜ืงืกื™ื” ืกืคื™ื ื•-ืกืจื‘ืœืจื™ืช,
01:53
show a lack of coordination that results in stiff legs, wide stance,
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ืžืจืื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฆืขื“ ืจื—ื‘, ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช.
01:57
and a lumbering walk.
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01:59
My money's on the cerebellum.
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ึนื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึธื˜ึธืŸ.
02:01
D2: Touchรฉ. OK. So weโ€™ve nailed its motor problems.
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ื“2: ื˜ื•ืฉื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:05
Now what about that whole groaning, lack of talking thing?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืขื ื”ื’ื ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
02:09
D1: Hmm.
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ื“1: ื”ืžืž. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืืคื–ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ืช, ืื• ืืคื–ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืงื”,
02:11
You know, it sounds kind of like expressive aphasia, or Brocaโ€™s aphasia,
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02:15
which makes producing words difficult.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
02:18
This is caused by damage to the inferior frontal gyrus,
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื ืžื ื–ืง ืœื’'ื™ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ืžื™,
02:21
or possibly the anterior insula,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:23
both regions behind your temple on the left side of your head.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ื›ื.
02:27
D2: I think youโ€™re only half right.
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ื“2: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง. ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ, ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:29
Zombies definitely canโ€™t communicate, thatโ€™s for sure.
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02:32
But they donโ€™t seem to do a good job of understanding things either.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:35
Watch this. Hey, Walker! Your father smelt of elderberries!
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ืชืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืงืจ! ืื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื”ืกืจื™ื— ืžืกืžื‘ื•ืง!
02:41
See? No reaction.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืจื•ืื”? ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
02:43
Either itโ€™s not a Monty Python fan, or it canโ€™t understand me.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
02:47
Iโ€™d say this is like spot-on fluent Wernickeโ€™s aphasia:
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืืคื–ื™ื™ืช ื•ื•ืžื™ืง,
02:51
damage to an area at the junction of two of the brainโ€™s lobes,
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ื ื–ืง ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:54
temporal and parietal,
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02:56
typically on the left side of the brain, is the culprit.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:59
This area is physically connected to Brocaโ€™s area, that you mentioned,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืงื”, ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืช,
03:02
by a massive bundle of neurofibers called the arcuate fasciculus.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืจืงื™ืื˜ ืคืืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ืก.
03:06
I hypothesize that this massive bundle of connections
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžื—ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™.
03:09
is completely wiped out in a zombie.
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03:11
It would be like taking out the superhighway between two cities.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื™ื.
03:14
One city that manufactures a product,
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ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจ,
03:16
and the other that ships it out to the rest of the world.
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:19
Without that highway, the product distribution just shuts down.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืกื™ืงื”.
03:24
D1: So, basically itโ€™s a moot point to reason with a zombie,
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ื“1: ืื–, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™,
03:27
since they canโ€™t understand you, let alone talk back.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื, ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช.
03:31
D2: I mean, you could try, man,
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ื“2: (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช, ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
03:33
but Iโ€™m going to stay on this side of the glass.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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