What is an aurora? - Michael Molina

917,046 views ใƒป 2013-07-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:15
Every second,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
00:17
one million tons of matter is blasted from the Sun
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืคืฆืฆื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:20
at the velocity of one million miles per hour,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื”,
00:24
and it's on a collision course with Earth!
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ!
ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•,
00:28
But don't worry,
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00:29
this isn't the opening of a new Michael Bay movie.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืคืชื™ื— ืœืกืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื™.
00:32
This is The Journey of the Polar Lights.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
00:37
The northern and southern lights, also known as the aurora Borealis
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ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื,
ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืก
00:40
and aurora Australis, respectively,
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ื•ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืก, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™,
00:42
occur when high energy particles from the Sun
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:44
collide with neutral atoms in our atmosphere.
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ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืงืจื ืช ืžื”ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช
00:47
The energy emitted from this crash produces a spectacle of light
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
00:50
that mankind has marveled at for centuries.
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ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืข ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื•
00:53
But the particles' journey isn't just as simple
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ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:55
as leaving the Sun and arriving at Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘,
00:57
Like any cross-country road trip, there's a big detour
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:59
and nobody asks for directions.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
01:02
Let's track this intergalactic voyage
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™
01:03
by focusing on three main points of their journey:
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืข:
01:06
leaving the Sun, making a pit stop in the Earth's magnetic fields,
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ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:09
and arriving at the atmosphere above our heads.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื ื•,
01:13
The protons and electrons creating the northern lights
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ
ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:16
depart from the Sun's corona.
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01:17
The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere
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ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื™ื.
01:20
and is one of the hottest regions.
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืงื“ ืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:22
Its intense heat causes the Sun's hydrogen and helium atoms to vibrate
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ื•ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
ื•ืœื ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:26
and shake off protons and electrons
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01:27
as if they were stripping off layers on a hot, sunny day.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื™ ื—ื.
01:31
Impatient and finally behind the wheel,
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ื—ืกืจื™ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื”,
01:33
these free protons and electrons move too fast
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™
01:36
to be contained by the Sun's gravity
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:38
and group together as plasma, an electrically charged gas.
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ื•ืžืฆื˜ื•ืคืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืคืœื–ืžื”,
ื’ื– ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
01:42
They travel away from the Sun as a constant gale of plasma,
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
ื›ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคืœื–ืžื”,
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
01:45
known as the solar wind.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืจื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:56
However, the Earth prevents the solar wind from traveling straight into the planet
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ืžืœื ื•ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืงืฃ,
02:00
by setting up a detour, the magnetosphere.
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ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:02
The magnetosphere is formed by the Earth's magnetic currents
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ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
02:05
and shields our planet from the solar winds
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:07
by sending out the particles around the Earth.
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ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกืข
02:09
Their opportunity to continue the journey down to the atmosphere
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื•ืคืฆืฆืช
02:12
comes when the magnetosphere is overwhelmed by a new wave of travelers.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
ื”ืืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”,
02:15
This event is coronal mass ejection,
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02:17
and it occurs when the Sun shoots out
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืขื™ืคื”
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœืกืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:19
a massive ball of plasma into the solar wind.
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02:22
When one of these coronal mass ejections collides with Earth,
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ื›ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:25
it overpowers the magnetosphere and creates a magnetic storm.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ืคื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:28
The heavy storm stresses the magnetosphere until it suddenly snaps back,
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉื ืžืชื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:32
like and overstretched elastic band,
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02:34
flinging some of the detoured particles towards Earth.
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ื•ืžืฉื’ืจืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:37
The retracting band of the magnetic field drags them down to the aurora ovals,
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ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืจื”,
02:41
which are the locations of the northern and southern lights.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื
ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
02:45
After traveling 93 million miles across the galaxy,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื• 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
02:48
the Sun's particles finally produce their dazzling light show
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
ืืช ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืžื ืขื ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:51
with the help of some friends.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:53
20 to 200 miles above the surface,
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02:55
the electrons and protons meet up with oxygen and nitrogen atoms,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ,
ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:59
and they sure are happy to see each other.
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03:01
The Sun's particles high five the atoms, giving their energy
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:04
to the Earth's neutral oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
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ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:07
When the atoms in the atmosphere are contacted by the particles,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
03:10
they get excited and emit photons.
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03:12
Photons are small bursts of energy in the form of light.
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคืจืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
03:15
The colors that appear in the sky
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื
ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
03:17
depend on the wavelength of the atom's photon.
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03:19
Excited oxygen atoms are responsible for the green and red colors,
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื
ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
03:23
whereas excited nitrogen atoms produce blue and deep red hues.
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ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:27
The collection of these interactions
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
03:29
is what creates the northern and southern lights.
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03:35
The polar lights are best seen on clear nights
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ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื
03:37
in regions close to magnetic north and south poles.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
03:40
Nighttime is ideal
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ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
03:41
because the Aurora is much dimmer than sunlight
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ
03:43
and cannot be seen in daytime.
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:46
Remember to look up at the sky and read up on the Sun's energy patterns,
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,
03:50
specifically sunspots and solar flares,
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03:52
as these will be good guides for predicting the auroras.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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