DNA: The book of you - Joe Hanson

630,349 views ใƒป 2012-11-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yifat Adler
00:13
Every human being starts out the same way:
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš:
00:16
two cells, one from each parent,
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ืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ื,
ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื”,
00:17
found each other and became one.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื“.
00:19
And that one cell reproduced itself,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
00:21
dividing, dividing and dividing
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ืžืชื—ืœืง, ื•ืžืชื—ืœืง ื•ืžืชื—ืœืง
00:23
until there were 10 trillion of them.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉ 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื.
00:26
Do you realize there's more cells in one person's body
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ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“
ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘?
00:29
than there are stars in the Milky Way?
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00:32
But those 10 trillion cells aren't just sitting there in a big pile.
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ืื‘ืœ 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืกืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื”.
00:35
That would make for a pretty boring human being!
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื!
00:38
So what is it that says a nose is a nose,
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืฃ ืœืืฃ,
00:40
and toes is toes?
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ื•ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื”ืŸ?
00:41
What is it that says this is bone
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ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืขืฆื,
00:43
and this is brain
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื—,
00:44
and this is heart
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘,
00:45
and this is that little thing in the back of your throat
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื•?
00:48
you can never remember the name of?
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื•
00:50
Everything you are or ever will be made of
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”
00:52
starts as a tiny book of instructions
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืชื.
00:54
found in each and every cell.
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00:55
Every time your body wants to make something,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•,
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช,
00:57
it goes back to the instruction book,
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ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื, ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
00:59
looks it up and puts it together.
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01:01
So how does one cell hold all that information?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืชื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”?
01:04
Let's get small.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:05
I mean, really small -- smaller than the tip of a sewing needle.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜.
01:08
Then we can take a journey inside a single cell
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืกืข ืœืชื•ืš ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“
01:10
to find out what makes up the book of you,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืชื,
01:13
your genome.
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:14
The first thing we see is that the whole genome, all your DNA,
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ื™ืฉืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•,
ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:17
is contained inside its own tiny compartment,
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ืžื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœื•
01:19
called the nucleus.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื.
01:20
If we stretched out all the DNA in this one cell into a single thread,
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ืื ื ืžืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื‘ืชื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
ืœื—ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“,
ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื˜ืจ!
01:24
it would be over 3 feet long!
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01:26
We have to make it fit in a tiny compartment
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
01:28
that's a million times smaller.
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01:30
We could just bunch it up like Christmas lights,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืจื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื’ ืžื•ืœื“,
01:32
but that could get messy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื’ืŸ.
01:34
We need some organization.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืกื“ืจ.
01:35
First, the long thread of DNA wraps around proteins
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื ื›ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:38
clustered into little beads called nucleosomes,
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ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื,
01:40
which end up looking like a long, beaded necklace.
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื”.
01:43
And that necklace is wrapped up in its own spiral,
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ื•ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืžืฉืœื”
ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ.
01:46
like an old telephone cord.
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01:47
And those spirals get layered on top of one another
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ื•ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืจืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:49
until we get a neat little shape that fits inside the nucleus.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื.
01:52
Voilร ! Three feet of DNA squeezed into a tiny compartment.
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ื•ื•ืืœื”! ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ.
01:56
If only we could hire DNA to pack our suitcases!
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ืื ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉื™ืืจื•ื– ืœื ื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช!
01:59
Each tiny mass of DNA is called a chromosome.
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ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ื ืงืจื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
02:02
The book of you would have 46 chapters,
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืœ 46 ืคืจืงื™ื,
02:05
one for each chromosome.
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ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื.
02:07
Twenty-three chapters of your book came from your mom,
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23 ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืืžื›ื,
02:09
and 23 chapters came from your dad.
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ื•-23 ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื‘ื™ื›ื.
02:11
Two of those chapters, called "X" and "Y,"
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ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื "X" ื•-"Y",
02:13
determine if you're male, "XY,"
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ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื ืืชื ื–ื›ืจื™ื: "XY",
02:15
or female, "XX."
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ืื• ื ืงื‘ื•ืช: "XX".
ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
02:17
Put them together, and we get
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02:18
two almost identical but slightly different sets of 23 chapters.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 23 ืคืจืงื™ื.
02:21
The tiny variations are what makes each person different.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:25
It's estimated that all the chapters together
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
02:27
hold about 20,000 individual instructions, called genes.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 20,000 ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื.
02:30
Written out, all those 20,000 instructions
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ืื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ 20,000 ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:32
are 30 million letters long!
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช!
02:35
If someone were writing one letter per second,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“.
02:37
it would take them almost an entire year to write it once.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš
02:40
It turns out that our genome book is much, much longer
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02:43
than just those 30 million letters --
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ืžืื•ืชืŸ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:44
almost 100 times longer!
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ืืจื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ 100!
02:47
What are all those extra pages for?
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ืœืฉื ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
02:48
Well, each page of instructions has a few pages of nonsense inserted
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:52
that have to be taken out before we end up with something useful.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉ.
02:55
The parts we throw out, we call introns.
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:57
The instructions we keep, we call exons.
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ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืŸืจืื™ื ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื.
03:00
We can also have hundreds of pages in between each gene.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืžืื•ืช ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื’ืŸ.
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื•
03:03
Some of these excess pages were inserted
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ืข"ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
03:05
by nasty little infections in our ancestors,
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03:07
but some of them are actually helpful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื.
03:09
They protect the ends of each chapter from being damaged,
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื,
03:12
or some help our cells find a particular thing they're looking for,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื,
03:15
or give a cell a signal to stop making something.
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ืื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืื•ืช ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:18
All in all, for every page of instructions,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
03:20
there's almost 100 pages of filler.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™.
03:23
In the end, each of our books' 46 chapters
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-46 ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 48 ืœ-250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:26
is between 48 and 250 million letters long.
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03:30
That's 3.2 billion letters total!
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, 3.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ!
03:34
To type all that copy,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืžืขืœ 100 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:35
you'd be at it for over 100 years,
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ื•ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 600,000 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
03:37
and the book would be over 600,000 pages long.
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03:40
Every type of cell carries the same book,
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืจ,
03:42
but each has a set of bookmarks
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืชื ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
03:44
that tell it exactly which pages it needs to look up.
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ืื™ืœื• ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ.
03:47
So a bone cell reads only the set of instructions it needs to become bone.
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ืื– ืชื ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื ืจืง ืืช ืกื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืฆื.
ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
03:51
Your brain cells,
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03:52
they read the set that tells them how to become brain.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื—.
03:54
If some cells suddenly decide to start reading other instructions,
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ืื ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
03:58
they can actually change from one type to another.
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04:00
So every little cell in your body is holding on to an amazing book,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
04:04
full of the instructions for life.
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ืžืœื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
04:06
Your nose reads nose pages,
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ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ืืฃ,
04:08
your toes read toes pages.
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ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:10
And that little thing in the back of your throat?
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:12
It's got its own pages, too.
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ื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ ื“ืคื™ื ืžืฉืœื•.
04:14
They're under "uvula."
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืขืจืš "ืขื ื‘ืœ".

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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