Is math discovered or invented? - Jeff Dekofsky

3,182,535 views ใƒป 2014-10-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Would mathematics exist if people didn't?
0
12486
3244
ื”ืื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?
00:15
Since ancient times, mankind has hotly debated
1
15730
3327
ืžืื– ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื”
00:19
whether mathematics was discovered or invented.
2
19057
3655
ืื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืื• ื”ื•ืžืฆืื”.
00:22
Did we create mathematical concepts to help us understand the universe around us,
3
22712
4662
ื”ืื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:27
or is math the native language of the universe itself,
4
27374
4147
ืื• ื”ืื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•,
00:31
existing whether we find its truths or not?
5
31521
3213
ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืื• ืœื?
00:34
Are numbers, polygons and equations truly real,
6
34734
3368
ื”ืื ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
00:38
or merely ethereal representations of some theoretical ideal?
7
38102
4574
ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืืžื•ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ืชืื•ืจืชื™?
00:42
The independent reality of math has some ancient advocates.
8
42676
3559
ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
00:46
The Pythagoreans of 5th Century Greece believed numbers were both
9
46235
3561
ื”ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื’ื
00:49
living entities and universal principles.
10
49796
3465
ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื.
00:53
They called the number one, "the monad," the generator of all other numbers
11
53261
4307
ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“, "ื”ืžื•ื ืื“," ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
00:57
and source of all creation.
12
57568
2261
ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
00:59
Numbers were active agents in nature.
13
59829
2815
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:02
Plato argued mathematical concepts were concrete
14
62644
2855
ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื
01:05
and as real as the universe itself, regardless of our knowledge of them.
15
65499
4945
ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
01:10
Euclid, the father of geometry, believed nature itself
16
70444
3453
ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก, ืื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื•
01:13
was the physical manifestation of mathematical laws.
17
73897
3805
ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:17
Others argue that while numbers may or may not exist physically,
18
77702
4224
ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
01:21
mathematical statements definitely don't.
19
81926
3121
ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื.
01:25
Their truth values are based on rules that humans created.
20
85047
4539
ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื•.
01:29
Mathematics is thus an invented logic exercise,
21
89586
3027
ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:32
with no existence outside mankind's conscious thought,
22
92613
3743
ื‘ืœื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
01:36
a language of abstract relationships based on patterns discerned by brains,
23
96356
4641
ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:40
built to use those patterns to invent useful but artificial order from chaos.
24
100997
5697
ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•.
01:46
One proponent of this sort of idea was Leopold Kronecker,
25
106694
3679
ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ืงืจื•ื ืงืจ,
01:50
a professor of mathematics in 19th century Germany.
26
110373
3624
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19 ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
01:53
His belief is summed up in his famous statement:
27
113997
2454
ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืกื•ื›ืžืช ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœื•:
01:56
"God created the natural numbers, all else is the work of man."
28
116451
4509
"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื."
02:00
During mathematician David Hilbert's lifetime,
29
120960
2573
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜,
02:03
there was a push to establish mathematics as a logical construct.
30
123533
3598
ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:07
Hilbert attempted to axiomatize all of mathematics,
31
127131
3370
ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืงืกื™ื•ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:10
as Euclid had done with geometry.
32
130501
2468
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก ืขืฉื” ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
02:12
He and others who attempted this saw mathematics as a deeply philosophical game
33
132969
4556
ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืžื•ืง
02:17
but a game nonetheless.
34
137525
2175
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:19
Henri Poincarรฉ, one of the father's of non-Euclidean geometry,
35
139700
3531
ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืื ืงืจื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืœื ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช,
02:23
believed that the existence of non-Euclidean geometry,
36
143231
3007
ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช,
02:26
dealing with the non-flat surfaces of hyperbolic and elliptical curvatures,
37
146238
4297
ืฉืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื,
02:30
proved that Euclidean geometry, the long standing geometry of flat surfaces,
38
150535
4466
ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช, ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
02:35
was not a universal truth,
39
155001
2362
ืœื ื”ื™ืช ืืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
02:37
but rather one outcome of using one particular set of game rules.
40
157363
4688
ืืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:42
But in 1960, Nobel Physics laureate Eugene Wigner
41
162051
3814
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1960, ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื ืจ
02:45
coined the phrase, "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics,"
42
165865
4308
ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—, "ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,"
02:50
pushing strongly for the idea that mathematics is real
43
170173
3110
ื•ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
02:53
and discovered by people.
44
173283
2199
ื•ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:55
Wigner pointed out that many purely mathematical theories
45
175482
2906
ื•ื•ื™ื’ื ืจ ื”ืจืื” ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
02:58
developed in a vacuum, often with no view towards describing any physical phenomena,
46
178388
4991
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช,
03:03
have proven decades or even centuries later,
47
183379
2494
ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:05
to be the framework necessary to explain
48
185873
2464
ื›ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ
03:08
how the universe has been working all along.
49
188337
3103
ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:11
For instance, the number theory of British mathematician Gottfried Hardy,
50
191440
4248
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ืืจื“ื™,
03:15
who had boasted that none of his work would ever be found useful
51
195688
3689
ืฉื”ืชื’ืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ื— ื›ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”
03:19
in describing any phenomena in the real world,
52
199377
2541
ื‘ืชืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
03:21
helped establish cryptography.
53
201918
2742
ืขื–ืจื” ืœืžืกื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
03:24
Another piece of his purely theoretical work
54
204660
2278
ืคื™ืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
03:26
became known as the Hardy-Weinberg law in genetics,
55
206938
3157
ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจื“ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:30
and won a Nobel prize.
56
210095
1739
ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
03:31
And Fibonacci stumbled upon his famous sequence
57
211834
2592
ื•ืคื™ื‘ื•ื ืืฆ'ื™ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื
03:34
while looking at the growth of an idealized rabbit population.
58
214426
3614
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจื ื‘ื™ื.
03:38
Mankind later found the sequence everywhere in nature,
59
218040
3508
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:41
from sunflower seeds and flower petal arrangements,
60
221548
2488
ืžืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื–ืจืขื™ ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื.
03:44
to the structure of a pineapple,
61
224036
1821
ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื ืก,
03:45
even the branching of bronchi in the lungs.
62
225857
2640
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืื•ืช.
03:48
Or there's the non-Euclidean work of Bernhard Riemann in the 1850s,
63
228497
4207
ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื ืื•ืงืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ 1850,
03:52
which Einstein used in the model for general relativity a century later.
64
232704
4587
ื‘ื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
Here's an even bigger jump:
65
237291
1416
ื”ื ื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:
03:58
mathematical knot theory, first developed around 1771
66
238707
4226
ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ 1771
04:02
to describe the geometry of position,
67
242933
2252
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื,
04:05
was used in the late 20th century to explain how DNA unravels itself
68
245185
4848
ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื”DNA ืคื•ืจื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
04:10
during the replication process.
69
250033
2179
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ.
04:12
It may even provide key explanations for string theory.
70
252212
3949
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื.
04:16
Some of the most influential mathematicians and scientists
71
256161
2630
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื
04:18
of all of human history have chimed in on the issue as well,
72
258791
3681
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืชืจืžื• ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื•ืฉื,
04:22
often in surprising ways.
73
262472
1621
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
04:24
So, is mathematics an invention or a discovery?
74
264093
2811
ืื–, ื”ืื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™?
04:26
Artificial construct or universal truth?
75
266904
2947
ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืื• ืืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช?
04:29
Human product or natural, possibly divine, creation?
76
269851
4166
ืชื•ืฆืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช?
04:34
These questions are so deep the debate often becomes spiritual in nature.
77
274017
4441
ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•.
04:38
The answer might depend on the specific concept being looked at,
78
278458
3092
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•,
04:41
but it can all feel like a distorted zen koan.
79
281550
3627
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืช.
04:45
If there's a number of trees in a forest, but no one's there to count them,
80
285177
3629
ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื,
04:48
does that number exist?
81
288806
1920
ื”ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืงื™ื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7