What happens if an engineered virus escapes the lab?

1,078,512 views ใƒป 2023-03-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In the spring of 1979, a lab worker in Sverdlovsk, USSR
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1979, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืกื‘ืจื“ืœื•ื‘ืกืง, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช
00:12
removed a clogged air filter in the ventilation system
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกื ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกืชื•ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ
00:16
and didnโ€™t replace it.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
00:18
His note to the supervisor was never transferred to the official logbook,
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ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžืคืงื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™,
00:22
so when the next shift rolled in,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ื‘ืื” ื ื›ื ืกื”,
00:23
workers simply started production as usual.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:26
Now, in most labs, this would have been a minor mistake.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช.
00:30
But this lab was a biological weapons facility
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
00:33
producing huge quantities of anthraxโ€”
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื โ€™ืชืจืงืก-
00:36
which, if inhaled, can kill up to 90% of those it infects.
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ืืฉืจ, ืื ื ืฉืืฃ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขื“ 90% ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง.
00:41
This deadly anthrax powder floated out into the sky for hours,
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ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืื ืชโ€™ืจืงืก ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืจื™ื—ืคื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช,
00:45
causing the largest documented outbreak of inhalation anthrax on record
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ื•ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคืช ืื ืชโ€™ืจืงืก ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช
00:49
and resulting in at least 64 deaths.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืงืจื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 64 ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:52
What happened at Sverdlovsk was a tragedy,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ืจื“ืœื•ื‘ืกืง ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”,
00:55
and the Soviet bioweapons program was a violation of international law.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
00:59
But these days, itโ€™s not just state-sponsored bioweapons programs
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ืœื ืจืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:03
that keep biosecurity experts up at night.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
01:06
Nor is anthrax their largest concern.
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ื•ืื ืชโ€™ืจืงืก ืื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:09
Theyโ€™re worried about an even more dangerous kind of lab leak.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:14
Since the 1970s, researchers have been manipulating the DNA of microbes
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืžืจื ื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
01:18
to give them abilities they didnโ€™t have before.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืงื•ื“ื.
01:21
This is called โ€œgain of functionโ€ work
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช โ€œืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”โ€
01:24
and it includes a huge body of scientific research.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
01:27
The majority of this work helps humanity with very little risk,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:31
for example, engineered viruses are used in vaccine production,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
01:35
gene therapy, and cancer treatments.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:38
But within the gain of function realm lies an intensely debated sub-field
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืชืช-ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
01:43
where scientists engineer superbugs.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืขืœ.
01:46
Officially known as โ€œenhanced potential pandemic pathogens,โ€
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื โ€œืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ ืžื’ืคื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื,โ€
01:50
these ePPPs are typically variants of well-known viruses,
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ePPPs ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื•ืจื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
01:55
such as Ebola or avian influenza that have been engineered to be, say,
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืื• ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื ื ื™ื—,
01:59
more transmissible or more deadly.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:02
The stakes of this kind of work are much higher:
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื:
02:06
if even one unusually dangerous virus escaped a lab,
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ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื— ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:09
it could cause a global pandemic.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื’ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
02:13
Virologists developing ePPPs argue this research could help us prepare
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ePPPs ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ
02:18
for future pandemics,
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ืœืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:19
allowing us to jump start treatments and potentially save lives.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:23
For example, in the early 2010s,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2010,
02:25
several research teams created a deadly strain of bird flu
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช
02:29
with the novel ability to spread through the air between mammals.
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
02:33
Advocates of the project argued that by creating this ePPP,
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”-ePPP ื”ื–ื”,
02:37
we could learn crucial information
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
02:39
about a worst-case-scenario virus under controlled conditions.
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื.
02:44
But many critics argued that itโ€™s unclear whether bird flu
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช
02:47
would ever evolve in the wild as it did in the lab.
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ืชืชืคืชื— ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:51
Consequently, they believed the knowledge gained by studying this dangerous virus
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:55
wasnโ€™t remotely worth the risk of creating it in the first place.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
02:59
Both sides of this ongoing debate are trying to save lives;
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื;
03:02
they just disagree on the best way to do it.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:05
However, everyone agrees that an ePPP lab leak could be catastrophic.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ePPP ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
03:11
Labs that work with dangerous pathogens are designed with numerous safety features
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:16
to protect the scientists who work there, as well as the outside world,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
03:20
such as ventilation systems that decontaminate air
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
03:23
and airtight โ€œspacesuitsโ€ with dedicated oxygen.
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ื•โ€œื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืœืœโ€ ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™.
03:26
Sometimes buildings are even nested inside each other
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™
03:30
to prevent natural disasters from breaching the closed environment.
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ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืคืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื”.
03:34
But this technology is expensive to build and maintain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืงืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”.
03:38
And even when our tech doesn't fail,
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื ื›ืฉืœืช,
03:40
thereโ€™s still room for the most common kind of mistake:
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
03:43
human error.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ.
03:44
Many human errors are inconsequential:
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ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช:
03:47
a researcher spills a sample,
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ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ื’ื™ืžื”,
03:49
but quickly disinfects the otherwise well-controlled environment.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื˜ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
03:52
Other incidents, however, are much more concerning.
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื“ืื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:56
In 2009, a researcher accidentally stuck themselves
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ืงืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช
03:59
with an Ebola-contaminated needle,
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ืขื ืžื—ื˜ ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื”,
04:01
endangering their life and the lives of those treating them.
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ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
04:05
In 2014, six vials containing the virus that causes smallpox were found
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ืฉืฉ ืžื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•
04:10
in an unsecured storage room where theyโ€™d been forgotten for decades.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
04:15
That same year, a CDC scientist unknowingly contaminated
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืžื“ืขืŸ CDC ื–ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ
04:18
a sample of relatively harmless bird flu with a deadly lab-grown variant,
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขื ื’ืจืกื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
04:23
and then shipped the contaminated sample to the USDA.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื ืœ- USDA.
04:27
While these incidents did not lead to larger crises,
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ืืžื ื ื”ืชืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:30
the potentially catastrophic consequences of an ePPP leak
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ePPP
04:34
have convinced many scientists that we should stop
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ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง
04:37
this kind of research altogether.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:39
But if that doesnโ€™t happen, what can we do to minimize risk?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:43
Well, first, we can work to reduce human error by examining past mistakes.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
04:47
Some experts have suggested creating an international database of leaks,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืคื•ืช,
04:51
near-misses, and fixes taken that would help labs adapt their protocols
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืกืคื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:56
to minimize human errors.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ.
04:58
And a robust, well-funded pandemic early warning system
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
05:02
would help protect us from any disease outbreakโ€”
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ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” -
05:05
whether it comes from a lab leak or a natural spillover.
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ืื ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ืœื™ืคืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื• ื–ืœื™ื’ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
05:09
Developing the kind of global standards and databases necessary
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
05:12
for these changes would be difficultโ€”
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื -
05:14
requiring unprecedented international collaboration and transparency.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื
05:19
But we need to overcome these hurdles
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:21
because pandemics don't care about borders or politics.
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ื›ื™ ืœืžื’ืคื•ืช ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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