The first asteroid ever discovered - Carrie Nugent

293,935 views ใƒป 2017-10-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
On the night of January 1, 1801,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 1801,
00:10
Giuseppe Piazzi, a priest in Palermo, Italy,
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ื’'ื™ื•ืกืคื” ืคื™ืืฆื™, ื›ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืคืœืจืžื• ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
00:13
was mapping the stars in the sky.
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ืžื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:16
Over three nights, he'd look at and draw the same set of stars,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•,
00:19
carefully measuring their relative positions.
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ืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:23
That night, he measured the stars.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:25
The next night, he measured them again.
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘.
00:27
To his surprise, one had moved.
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื•, ืื—ื“ ื–ื–.
00:30
The third night, the peculiar star had moved again.
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื ืข ืฉื•ื‘.
00:33
This meant it couldn't be a star at all.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:36
It was something new, the first asteroid ever discovered,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืื™ ืคืขื,
00:39
which Piazzi eventually named Ceres.
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ื•ืคื™ืืฆื™ ืงืจื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืจืก.
00:43
Asteroids are bits of rock and metal that orbit the Sun.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืกืœืข ื•ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:46
At over 900 kilometers across, Ceres is a very large asteroid.
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ืกืจืก ื”ื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 900 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
00:52
But through a telescope, like Piazzi's,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืืฆื™,
00:53
Ceres looked like a pinpoint of light similar to a star.
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ืกืจืก ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘.
00:58
In fact, the word asteroid means star-like.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื” ื“ืžื•ื™-ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:01
You can tell the difference between stars
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
01:03
and asteroids by the way they move across the sky.
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ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.
01:06
Of course, Piazzi knew none of that at the time,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคื™ืืฆื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
01:09
just that he had discovered something new.
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ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:11
To learn about Ceres,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกืจืก,
01:13
Piazzi needed to track its motion across the sky
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ืคื™ืืฆื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื
01:15
and then calculate its orbit around the Sun.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:19
So each clear night, Piazzi trained his telescope to the heavens.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืคื™ืืฆื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืžื™ื.
01:23
Night after night, he made careful measurements
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ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช
01:26
until finally, he couldn't.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:28
The Sun got in the way.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•.
01:30
When Piazzi first spotted Ceres, it was here, and the Earth was here.
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ื›ืฉืคื™ืืฆื™ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืกืจืก ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื”, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืคื”.
01:35
As he tracked it each night, the Earth and Ceres moved like this
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืกืจืก ื ืขื• ื›ื›ื”
01:39
until Ceres was here.
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ืขื“ ืฉืกืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืคื”.
01:41
And that meant that Ceres was only in the sky when it was daytime on Earth.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืกืจืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:46
During the day, bright sunlight made this small asteroid impossible to see.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
01:51
Astronomers needed to calculate Ceres's orbit.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจืก.
01:55
This would let them predict where it was going to be
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื”
01:57
in the vast night sky on any given night.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื ืชื•ืŸ.
02:00
But the calculations were grueling and the results imprecise.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:04
Many astronomers searched for Ceres,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ืกืจืก,
02:07
but not knowing exactly where to look, no one could find it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืœื—ืคืฉ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
02:10
Luckily, a hardworking mathematician named Carl Friedrich Gauss
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืงืืจืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื’ืื•ืก
02:14
heard about the lost asteroid.
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ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“.
02:17
He thought it was an exciting puzzle and went to work.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:20
When he realized he didn't have the mathematical methods he needed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš,
02:23
he invented new ones that we still use today.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:27
He derived a new orbit and new predictions of where to look for Ceres.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืกืจืก.
02:32
Hungarian astronomer Baron Franz Xaver von Zach
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฅ ืงืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืš
02:36
searched for Ceres with Gauss's predictions.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ืกืจืก ืขื ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืก.
02:39
After weeks of frustrating clouds,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืชืกื›ืœื™ื,
02:41
von Zach finally had clear skies on December 31, 1801.
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ืœืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 1801.
02:46
He looked through his telescope and finally saw Ceres.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื” ืืช ืกืจืก.
02:50
We haven't lost track of it since.
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ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืื–.
02:53
Today, we've discovered hundreds of thousands of asteroids.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
02:57
Many, including Ceres, orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืจืก, ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืง,
03:01
while near-Earth asteroids orbit the Sun relatively close to Earth.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:06
When we recorded this narration,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงืœื˜ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:08
astronomers had discovered 16,407 near-Earth asteroids,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• 16,407 ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:13
but since we find new asteroids all the time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:15
that number will have grown by hundreds or thousands
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืื• ืืœืคื™ื
03:18
by the time you watch this.
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ืขื“ ืฉืชืฆืคื• ื‘ื–ื”.
03:21
Today, asteroid hunters use modern telescopes,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื,
03:24
including one in space.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:26
Computers analyze the images,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
03:28
and humans check the output
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”
03:30
before reporting the asteroid observations to an archiving center.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืชืขื•ื“.
03:34
Each discovered asteroid has its unique orbit measured.
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ืœื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื ืžื“ื“ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
03:37
An orbit lets astronomers predict where asteroids are going to be
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
03:41
at any given time.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ.
03:44
Most asteroid trajectories can be predicted for about 80 years
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœ 80 ืฉื ื”
03:47
though we can calculate where the best studied asteroids will be every day
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
03:51
between now and 800 years into the future.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื• 800 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
03:55
We must keep searching for asteroids
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
03:57
in case there's one out there on a collision course with Earth.
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ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:01
Astronomers don't only search for asteroids, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
04:04
They also study them to learn how they formed,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
04:06
what they're made of,
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ืžืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื,
04:07
and what they can tell us about our solar system.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:10
Today, we can do something that Piazzi could only dream of:
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื™ืืฆื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื•:
04:14
send spacecraft to study asteroids up close.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
04:18
One spacecraft called Dawn journeyed billions of kilometers
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ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื“ื•ืืŸ ื˜ืกื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
04:21
over four years to the main asteroid belt.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช.
04:25
There, it visited Ceres and another asteroid, Vesta.
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ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืืช ืกืจืก ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”.
04:29
Dawn's stunning images transformed Piazzi's dot of light
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืืฆื™
04:33
into a spectacular landscape of craters,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื,
04:36
landslides,
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ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช,
04:37
and mountains.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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