Conserving our spectacular, vulnerable coral reefs - Joshua Drew

125,520 views ใƒป 2013-01-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sonia Barchilon
00:14
Coral reefs are some of the most spectacular ecosystems
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ;
00:17
on the planet.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:18
They're also some of the most vulnerable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:20
But how can we protect the reefs
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00:21
and the animals and plants who rely on them?
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ?
ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช
00:23
And how can we make sure
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00:25
our protected areas aren't hurting those who use reefs to survive?
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืงื™ื•ื?
ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:28
These are some of the big questions
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:30
facing marine conservation biologists today.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืคื™ื’'ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
00:32
Let's take Fiji, for example.
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00:33
Fiji is series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean.
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ืคื™ื’'ื™ ื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก,
00:36
To help balance the need for conservation and making a living,
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00:39
scientists had suggested that instead of one big park
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืืจืง ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:42
which provides a lot of coverage for one reef system
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ืฉื™ืกืคืง ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช
00:44
while leaving the rest unprotected,
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช,
00:46
a better way is to create a system of protected areas
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
ืฉืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜.
00:49
nested together like pearls on a string.
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00:51
This idea is called connectivity.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
00:53
In this way, scientists can protect lots of different habitats
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ื›ืš ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื
00:56
while not excluding people from their traditional fishing grounds.
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ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:59
Now, the only way this string-of-pearls kind of reserve network is going to work
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืฉืžื•ืจืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช-ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“
ื”ื™ื ืื ื›ืœ ืคืืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
01:03
is if each park is connected to other parks.
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01:05
There are two main benefits to this.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
01:07
First of all, insurance.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
01:08
If something bad happens to one park,
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื,
01:10
say, an oil spill or coral bleaching,
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜
ืื• ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:12
then because that park is part of a system,
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช,
01:14
it can be reseeded from other parks that escaped the event.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื’ืช ืžืคืืจืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื“ื™ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
01:17
The second benefit is representation.
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
01:19
By conserving many different areas,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
01:21
scientists ensure that lots of different habitats get protected.
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
01:24
This way, they can make sure all the different marine habitats in Fiji,
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™,
ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:28
such as coral reefs, mangroves, and sea-grass beds,
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ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื,
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื.
01:31
are all represented.
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01:32
This way, we don't unduly settle any particular village or group of people
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขื•ืžืก ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื–ื
ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:36
with the economic burden of having their fishing grounds off-limits.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:39
By sharing the cost around the communities,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
01:41
they can also share the benefits.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ืื– ืื ื ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืืจืง ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:44
So if we agree that rather than one big park,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:46
we should have lots of parks
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01:47
of different sizes and covering different habitats,
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ื•ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ืื– ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’
01:50
then scientists need to make sure those smaller parks are connected,
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ืฉื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
01:53
because if they're not, they probably won't be self-sustaining.
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ืื– ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
01:56
But how do we know that?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
01:57
That's where genetics and DNA come in.
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ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”-DNA.
02:00
By looking at how closely related
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
02:01
the fish in each one of these small reserves in Fiji
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™,
02:04
are to each other,
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02:05
scientists can figure out
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ื“ื™ื“ื”
02:06
how much migration is going on among the reserves within the system.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:10
Now it's important to look at a variety of different species
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02:12
because there's no guarantee that what's going on with these guys
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื”
ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื”.
02:15
is what's going on with these guys.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื ื™ื,
02:17
But if we look closely and at enough species,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
02:19
we can see whether or not the necklace is working.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื”,
02:22
What scientists have found so far is that, in general,
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืขื”
02:24
there's a fair amount of connectivity amongst the parks within Fiji.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™.
02:28
But it's not just a big free-for-all;
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ื•ืœื;
02:29
rather, it seems that, for some species,
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ืืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื
02:32
babies born in the far west are having a hard time
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02:34
making it to the islands in the far east.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
02:36
To help deal with that, conservation biologists are suggesting
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
02:39
that there be enough parks in both the east and the west
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:42
to keep the populations healthy.
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02:43
This isn't just in Fiji, either.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคื™ื’'ื™.
02:45
Lessons about reserve connectivity can help across the world.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:48
In places like Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
ืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
ื•ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืืžื”.
02:51
and the Bahamas,
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02:52
scientists are using a variety of tools to help understand
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
02:55
how individual parks can function together,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“
02:57
so that their sum is greater than their whole.
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื›ื•ืžื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉืœื.
02:59
And this way, we can keep the beautiful necklace
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืœืœื ืคื’ืข.
03:02
that is our coral reefs, intact.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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