What really happened during the Attica Prison Rebellion - Orisanmi Burton

270,581 views ใƒป 2021-05-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
โ€œWe are men.
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โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:09
We are not beasts and we do not intend to be beaten or driven as such...
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืื• ื™ื ื”ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื›ื”...
00:13
What has happened here is but the sound before the fury
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ืขืžื
00:16
of those who are oppressed.โ€
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.โ€
00:18
These words were spoken during the 1971 Attica Prison Rebellion
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืจื“ ื›ืœื ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘-1971
00:22
by one of its leaders, Elliott Barkley.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•, ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืจืงืœื™.
00:25
At the time, Attica prison was severely overcrowded.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื›ืœื ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”.
00:28
Its majority Black and Latino population faced constant physical and verbal abuse.
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
00:34
All prison guards were white.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
00:36
Some were members of white supremacist hate groups.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
00:39
Guards threw away letters that werenโ€™t written in English
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืจืงื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:42
and prohibited Muslim religious services.
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ื•ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
00:44
They punished white prisoners for fraternizing with non-white men.
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ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื ื”ืชืจื•ืขืขื• ืขื ื”ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
00:48
Prisoners were allowed one shower a week and one roll of toilet paper a month.
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ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืชืงืœื— ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืืœื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
00:53
Among those imprisoned at Attica were Elliott Barkley, Frank Smith,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืจืงืœื™, ืคืจื ืง ืกืžื™ืชโ€™,
00:57
and Herbert X. Blyden.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ.
00:59
โ€œIโ€™m dying here little by little every day...โ€ Barkley wrote his mother.
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โ€œืื ื™ ืžืช ืคื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื...โ€ ื‘ืืจืงืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืืžื•.
01:04
She contacted authorities, but nothing changed.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
01:07
He began writing a book about life at Attica.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืชื™ืงื”.
01:09
Meanwhile, Smith worked a position called the โ€œwardenโ€™s laundry boyโ€
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืกืžื™ืชโ€ฒ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” โ€œื ืขืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจโ€
01:13
for 30 cents day.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 30 ืกื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
01:15
His grandmother had been enslaved.
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ืกื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ืช.
01:17
Because Smith and others were treated as less-than-human
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืกืžื™ืชโ€ฒ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
01:20
at the will of their keepers, they viewed prison as an extension of slavery.
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื ื›ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:24
And Blyden had participated in prison strikes and rebellions.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื ื•ื‘ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืช.
01:28
He and others saw the violence of prison as symptomatic of a societal problem
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ื”ื•ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื ื›ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
01:32
where individuals are denied justice based on their class and race.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื ื•ื’ื–ืขื.
01:36
They felt people shouldnโ€™t be stripped of their rights to health and dignity
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“
01:39
upon being sentenced.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
01:41
Instead, resources should go towards meeting peopleโ€™s basic needs
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:45
to prevent crime in the first place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ.
01:47
In the summer of 1971, Blyden co-founded the Attica Liberation Faction.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1971, ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืคืœื’ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืงื”.
01:52
The group compiled a manifesto
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜
01:54
and petitioned Corrections Commissioner Russell Oswald
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ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื™ืื” ืจืืกืœ ืื•ืกื•ื•ืœื“
01:57
and Governor Nelson Rockefeller for better treatment.
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ื•ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:00
Though largely ignored, they continued organizing.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ.
02:03
After activist George Jackson was killed at a California prison,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
02:07
700 men at Attica participated in a silent fast.
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700 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฆื•ื ืฉืงื˜.
02:11
Just weeks later, on September 9th, a spontaneous uprising began.
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ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘-9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช.
02:16
A group of prisoners overpowered guards, sparking the Attica Rebellion.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ืžืจื“ ืืชื™ืงื”.
02:20
Prisoners broke windows, started fires, and captured supplies.
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ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืืกืคืงื”.
02:24
They beat many guards.
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื.
02:26
One of them, William Quinn, would die from his injuries.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื”ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
02:30
Soon, over 1,200 prisoners had assembled in the yard with 42 hostages,
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,200 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืขื 42 ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”,
02:35
preparing to demand change.
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
02:37
They established a medical bay, delegated men to prepare and ration food,
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ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื”ืงืฆื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ื›ืœ,
02:42
protected and sheltered guards, and elected a negotiating committee.
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ื”ื’ื ื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ืžื—ืกื” ืœืกื•ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ื•ืขื“ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.
02:46
They appointed Blyden chief negotiator, Smith as security chief,
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ื”ื ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื•ืืช ืกืžื™ืชโ€ฒ ืœืื—ืจืื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
02:50
and Barkely as a speaker.
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ื•ืืช ื‘ืืจืงืœื™ ื›ื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
02:52
Later that day, Barkley presented their demands to the press.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืืจืงืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
02:56
When his mother saw him on TV, she was terrified.
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ื›ืฉืืžื• ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืขืชืช.
02:59
He was just days from being released.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ.
03:02
But she believed authorities would want retribution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจืฆื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœ.
03:05
Over the next four days, prisoners held negotiations with officials.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉืื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ืขื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:09
They called for a minimum wage, rehabilitation programs,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื,
03:12
better education, and more.
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“.
03:15
They promised all remaining hostages would be safe
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
03:17
if they were given amnesty for crimes committed during the uprising.
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ืื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื“.
03:21
Meanwhile, Governor Rockefeller began crisis talks with President Nixon.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ.
03:25
The president told his chief of staff that the rebellion should be quelled
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื“
03:29
to set an example for other Black activists.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:31
Commissioner Oswald announced heโ€™d meet a number of the demands,
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืกื•ื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช,
03:34
but refused to guarantee amnesty.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื ื™ื ื”.
03:36
Prisoners refused to surrender.
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ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืกืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข.
03:39
As warnings of an imminent siege mounted,
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ื›ืฉืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•,
03:41
they threatened to kill 8 hostages if attacked.
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ื”ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ 8 ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืื ื™ื•ืชืงืคื•.
03:44
Nevertheless, Rockefeller ordered troops to retake the prison.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื.
03:48
Helicopters tear-gassed the yard.
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ืžืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข ืœื—ืฆืจ.
03:50
Troopers shot over 2,000 rounds of ammunition,
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2,000 ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื,
03:53
killing 29 prisoners and 10 guards, and wounding many others.
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ื”ืจื’ื• 29 ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ืคืฆืขื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:57
Witnesses say troopers found Barkley and shot him in the back.
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ืขื“ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื‘ืืจืงืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื‘.
04:01
Officers stripped surviving men naked, tortured them,
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ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื”ื
04:04
and deprived them of medical attention.
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ื•ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™.
04:07
Blyden was starved for days.
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ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื.
04:09
Smith was sexually violated, burned with cigarettes,
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ื‘ืกืžื™ืชโ€ฒ ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช,
04:12
dragged into isolation, and beaten.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืจืจ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื”.
04:16
Directly after the attack, Governor Rockefeller thought prisoners
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื
04:19
were responsible for the deaths of the 10 guards.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžื•ืช 10 ื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื.
04:22
He called it โ€œa beautiful operation.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” โ€œืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืคืœื.โ€
04:24
President Nixon congratulated Rockefeller and told his chief of staff
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืš ืืช ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
04:28
that the way to stop โ€œradicalsโ€ was to โ€œkill a few.โ€
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆื•ืจ โ€œืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืโ€ ื”ื™ื โ€œืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื”.โ€
04:30
But autopsies soon confirmed that prisoners
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื™ืฉืจื• ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื
04:33
hadnโ€™t killed any guards during the attack, as threatened.
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ืœื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ื™ืžื•.
04:37
Government forces had.
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”.
04:38
Nixon told Rockefeller to stand his ground.
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ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•.
04:41
Those who survived the massacre continued fighting for revolutionary change.
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ืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืœื—ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
04:46
Long after being released,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•,
04:47
Smith and Blyden campaigned for social justice and prison abolition.
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ืกืžื™ืชโ€ฒ ื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœื.
04:52
The demands men made at Attica in 1971
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ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘-1971
04:55
remain at the core of ongoing protestsโ€” within and beyond prison walls.
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ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช -- ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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