Where we get our fresh water - Christiana Z. Peppard

447,602 views ใƒป 2013-02-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:14
At birth, our bodies are roughly 75% water.
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ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”, ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 75% ืžื™ื.
00:18
We remain mostly water for the rest of our lives.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
00:20
We cannot survive even a week without fresh water.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
00:24
There's no life without it
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื”ื
00:26
for ecosystems,
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00:26
societies,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:27
and individuals.
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ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
00:29
So, how much usable water is there on Earth?
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
00:32
Most of the water on Earth is ocean,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:34
a salty 97.5%, to be precise,
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97.5% ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง,
00:37
and the remaining 2.5% is fresh water.
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ื•ืฉืืจ 2.5 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
00:41
That little sliver of liquid sustains human life on Earth,
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ื”ืงืžืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:44
it literally holds up civilizations.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:46
2.5% is a small proportion to be sure,
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2.5% ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜,
00:50
and even that is broken down into smaller parts:
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:52
surface water,
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ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
00:53
water in ice caps and polar regions,
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ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื— ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื,
00:56
and ground water.
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ื•ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื.
00:58
First, surface water.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:59
All the liquid water above ground is surface water
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
01:02
and it is a tiny blip of an amount.
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
01:04
0.3% of all fresh water is surface water.
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0.3% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:07
It may seem counterintuitive,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
01:09
but it accounts for little streams all over the planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื—ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:12
All rivers, including the Nile, the Jordan, and the Mississippi,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
01:15
and lakes, large to small,
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ื•ืื’ืžื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:17
like Victoria, the Great Lakes, and Baikal.
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ื›ืžื• ืื’ื ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงืœ.
01:20
Second, ice caps and polar regions
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื
01:22
freeze up to 70% of the planet's fresh water.
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ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืขื 70% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:25
This water is significant,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:26
but it isn't available for human use in a regular way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:31
Finally, nearly 30% of all water on Earth is ground water.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืžืขื˜ 30% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื.
01:35
As the name suggests, that's water in the ground.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื ืžืจืžื–, ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
01:37
It can rest still and deep in huge caverns,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ื— ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช,
01:40
or it can snuggle in the little crevices of rock and pebble.
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ืื• ืœื”ืชื›ืจื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ื•ื—ืฆืฅ.
01:43
The upshot - thank goodness for ground water!
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” - ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื!
01:46
It's invisible to us,
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ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื•,
01:47
but it is much more plentiful than surface water.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:49
It is much more reliable
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ื ื™ื
01:50
and easier to obtain than frozen water.
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ื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ืžืžื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
01:53
Without ground water, our societies would be parched.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
01:56
So, how are we using that water?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื?
01:58
As a result of industrialization and population growth,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
02:02
demand for fresh water skyrocketed in the last century.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืงืคืฅ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
02:05
Where is all that water going?
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ืœืืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื?
02:06
First, we have to remember
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
02:08
that fresh water is a global concern,
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ืฉืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
02:09
but it is always local.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
02:11
Context matters.
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื”.
02:12
The Sahara is not Seattle.
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ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
02:15
Still, some general information can help us
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
02:17
get a handle on major trends.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
02:19
Who consumes the most fresh water?
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ืžื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื?
02:21
And, what sectors consume the most fresh water?
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื?
02:24
First, who.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื™.
02:25
Well, the United States consumes the most water
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื
02:27
per capita of any country in the entire world,
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ืคืจ ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:30
followed by parts of Europe
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
02:31
and large industrializing nations like China.
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ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ.
02:34
But, this doesn't tell us what water is being used for.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื.
02:38
So let's look at it another way.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
02:39
If we ask what kinds of uses water is going towards,
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ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ื,
02:42
we see a different picture.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:43
Agriculture accounts for roughly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 70% ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
02:48
Again, remember the numbers vary by region,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ,
02:50
but still, it's a staggering amount.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื.
02:53
And, this makes a certain kind of sense:
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™:
02:54
we need to eat,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
02:55
we need water to grow food;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ;
02:56
the bigger the population,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:58
the more food we need;
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ;
02:59
and, the wealthier we get,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:01
the more meat we eat,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืจ,
03:03
and the more water is required to produce our food.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:05
Furthermore, 22% of all fresh water worldwide
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, 22% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:08
goes to industrial uses.
76
188597
2062
ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
03:10
This includes the production of electricity,
77
190659
1692
ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:12
the extraction of fossil fuels,
78
192351
1920
ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
03:14
and the manufacturing of all manner of goods,
79
194271
2750
ื•ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:17
from microchips,
80
197021
854
03:17
to paper,
81
197875
722
ืžืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื,
ืœื ื™ื™ืจ,
03:18
to blimps.
82
198597
1301
ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:19
70% to agriculture,
83
199898
1498
70% ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
03:21
22% to industrial uses,
84
201396
2225
22% ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
03:23
what's left?
85
203621
1813
ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ?
03:25
8%
86
205434
1668
8%
03:27
All those domestic uses -
87
207102
1664
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื --
03:28
cooking,
88
208766
538
ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
03:29
cleaning,
89
209304
356
03:29
bathing,
90
209660
423
ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ,
ืจื—ืฆื”,
03:30
drinking
91
210083
941
ืฉืชื™ื”
03:31
- it's a drop in the bucket of overall water use.
92
211024
4112
-- ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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