How the Normans changed the history of Europe - Mark Robinson

3,197,374 views ใƒป 2018-08-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In the year 1066,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” 1066,
00:08
7000 Norman infantry and knights sailed in warships across the English Channel.
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7000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:15
Their target: England, home to more than a million people.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื: ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:19
Theirs was a short voyage with massive consequences.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
00:23
And around the same period of time,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ,
00:25
other groups of Normans were setting forth all across Europe,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:29
going on adventures that would reverberate throughout that continentโ€™s history.
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ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
00:33
So who were these warriors
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
00:35
and how did they leave their mark so far and wide?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจื—ื‘?
00:40
Our story begins over 200 years earlier,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ 200 ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:43
when Vikings began to settle on the shores of northern France
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช
00:47
as part of a great Scandinavian exodus across northern Europe.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืฆื™ืืช ืขืžื™ื ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:51
The French locals called these invaders Normans,
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ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื,
00:54
named for the direction they came from.
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
00:57
Eventually, Charles, the king of the Franks,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฆ'ืืจืœืก, ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ื,
01:00
negotiated peace with the Viking leader Rollo in 911,
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ื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ ืจื•ืœื• ื‘ 911,
01:04
granting him a stretch of land along Franceโ€™s northern coast
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช
01:08
that came to be known as Normandy.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™.
01:11
The Normans proved adaptable to their newly settled life.
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ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:15
They married Frankish women,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื ืงื™ื•ืช,
01:17
adopted the French language,
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ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
01:18
and soon started converting from Norse paganism to Christianity.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื ืžืคืื’ื ื™ื–ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช.
01:22
But though they adapted,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
01:24
they maintained the warrior tradition
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ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:26
and conquering spirit of their Viking forebears.
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ื•ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื.
01:30
Before long, ambitious Norman knights were looking for new challenges.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:35
The Normansโ€™ best-known achievement was their conquest of England.
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ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
01:40
In 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy,
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ื‘ 1066, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื, ื“ื•ื›ืก ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™,
01:43
disputed the claim of the new English king, Harold Godwinson.
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ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืืจื•ืœื“ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.
01:47
Soon after landing in England,
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื—ืชื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
01:50
William and his knights met Haroldโ€™s army near the town of Hastings.
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื• ืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ืœื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.
01:54
The climactic moment in the battle
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืงืจื‘
01:56
is immortalized in the 70-meter-long Bayeux Tapestry,
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ืžื•ื ืฆื— ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ 70 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืงืก,
02:01
where an arrow striking Harold in the eye seals the Norman victory.
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ืฉื ื—ืฅ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืืจื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืชื ืืช ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื.
02:06
William consolidated his gains with a huge castle-building campaign
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืžืกื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ื• ืขื ืžืกืข ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช
02:11
and a reorganization of English society.
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
02:14
He lived up to his nickname "William the Conqueror"
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื• "ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ"
02:17
through a massive survey known as the Domesday Book,
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ื‘ืกืงืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ,
02:20
which recorded the population and ownership
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ืฉืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช
02:23
of every piece of land in England.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
02:26
Norman French became the language of the new royal court,
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ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:30
while commoners continued to speak Anglo-Saxon.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื’ืœื• ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ืช.
02:33
Over time, the two merged to give us the English we know today,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:37
though the divide between lords and peasants can still be felt
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช
02:41
in synonym pairs such as cow and beef.
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ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืจื” ื•ื‘ืงืจ.
02:48
By the end of the 12th century,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 12,
02:50
the Normans had further expanded into Wales,
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ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืœืก,
02:53
Scotland,
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ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“,
02:54
and Ireland.
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ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“.
02:55
Meanwhile, independent groups of Norman knights
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื
02:58
traveled to the Mediterranean,
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ื™ืฆืื• ืœืžืกืข ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:00
inspired by tales of pilgrims returning from Jerusalem.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
03:04
There, they threw themselves into a tangled mass of conflicts
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ืฉื, ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื
03:08
among the established powers all over that region.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
03:11
They became highly prized mercenaries,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื,
03:13
and during one of these battles,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืงืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:15
they made the first recorded heavy cavalry charge with couched lances,
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืขื ืจื•ืžื—ื™ื,
03:21
a devastating tactic that soon became standard in medieval warfare.
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ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:25
The Normans were also central to the First Crusade of 1095-99,
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ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ 1095-1099,
03:31
a bloody conflict that re-established Christian control
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ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืกืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช
03:35
in certain parts of the Middle East.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:37
But the Normans did more than just fight.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืœื”ืœื—ื.
03:41
As a result of their victories,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:43
leaders like William Iron-Arm and Robert the Crafty
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืžืžื•ืœื—
03:46
secured lands throughout Southern Italy,
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ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
03:49
eventually merging them to form the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื–ื’ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ 1130.
03:54
Under Roger II,
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ืชื—ืช ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:56
the kingdom became a beacon of multicultural tolerance
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ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
03:59
in a world torn apart by religious and civil wars.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงืจื•ืข ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:03
Muslim Arab poets and scholars served in the royal court
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ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช
04:07
alongside Byzantine Greek sailors and architects.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:10
Arabic remained an official language along with Latin, Greek, and Norman French.
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ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจื” ืฉืคื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ืช.
04:15
The worldโ€™s geographical knowledge was compiled in The Book of Roger,
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’'ืจ,
04:20
whose maps of the known world
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ืฉื”ืžืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข
04:21
would remain the most accurate available for 300 years.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 300 ืฉื ื”.
04:25
And the churches built in Palermo combined Latin-style architecture,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืคืœืจืžื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™,
04:30
Arab ceilings,
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ืชืงืจื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:31
and Byzantine domes,
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ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:33
all decorated with exquisite golden mosaics.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:37
So if the Normans were so successful, why arenโ€™t they still around?
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ืื– ืื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื, ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ?
04:41
In fact, this was a key part of their success:
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื:
04:44
not just ruling the societies they conquered,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื•,
04:47
but becoming part of them.
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ืืœื ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ.
04:49
Although the Normans eventually disappeared as a distinct group,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช,
04:53
their contributions remained.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉืืจื•.
04:55
And today, from the castles and cathedrals that dot Europeโ€™s landscape
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ืฉืžื ืงื“ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื
04:59
to wherever the English language is spoken,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช,
05:02
the Norman legacy lives on.
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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