Electric Vocabulary

654,651 views ใƒป 2012-07-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Kaminsky ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
00:14
I'm going to try to shine a historical light on our language,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืœื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:17
and tell you a story about the electric vocabulary.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,600 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:22
It all begins over 2,600 years ago.
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ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง, ืฉืฉืžื• ืชืืœืก ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืก,
00:27
An ancient Greek, called Thales of Miletus,
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00:30
is thought to be the first person to observe
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
00:32
what we would today call electrical phenomena.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
00:35
He discovered that a piece of amber, when rubbed with fur,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ืคื™ืกืช ืขื ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคืฉืคื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื•ื”
00:38
could pick up small pieces of straw.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉ.
00:41
In Thales's language, amber was called "electron."
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ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชืืœืก, ืขื ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
00:45
For a long time, that was pretty much all anybody knew about the subject.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ 2,200 ืฉื ื™ื
00:49
And nature had to wait around 2,200 years
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00:52
before any new investigations were made into amber's properties.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆืขื•
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืจ.
00:56
William Gilbert, a 17th-century English scientist,
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜, ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื” 17,
01:00
discovered that with a careful experimentation,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
01:02
a number of other materials
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
01:04
could display the attractive properties of amber.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืจ.
01:07
He also found that they could attract objects besides straw.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงืฉ.
ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜ ืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™-ื”ืขื ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืœื•
01:11
Gilbert named these amberlike objects
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01:13
after the Greek for amber.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืจ.
01:15
He called them "electrics."
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื "ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืงืก" (ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื)
01:17
About 40 years later, in nearby Norwich,
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ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื™ื“ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ',
01:20
Sir Thomas Browne carried out similar experiments.
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ืกื™ืจ ืชื•ืžืก ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:23
He didn't figure out anything different from William Gilbert,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜,
01:26
yet the way he described the experiments
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ืืš ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืชืืจ ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื•
01:29
coined the word we use all the time.
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ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:31
The way he saw it, when you rub, say, a crystal with a cloth,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืคืฉืฃ, ื ื ื™ื—, ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื ืžื˜ืคื—ืช,
01:35
it becomes an electric object.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืขืฆื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
01:37
And just as we speak of elastic objects,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:39
and say they possess the property of elasticity,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:43
electric objects possess the property of electricity.
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18
01:48
The 18th-century French physicist Charles Du Fay
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01:50
was the next person to make an important new discovery.
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ื•-ืคื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:54
He found that almost any object, except for metals and fluids,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืขืฆื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
01:58
could be turned electric
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืฉืžืœื™
01:59
after subjecting them to a combination of heating and rubbing.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ.
02:03
In addition, he found that when two electrics are place near each other,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
02:06
they sometimes attract, and sometimes repel.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื ื“ื—ื™ื.
02:09
With this extra knowledge,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื”,
02:11
Du Fay found that there were two distinct groups of electrics.
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ื“ื•-ืคืจื™ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:15
Any two objects from the same group will always repel,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ื—ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
02:19
while a pair of one from each group will always attract.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
02:23
Despite these new discoveries,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื•,
02:24
Du Fay's descriptions of the physics are all lost to history.
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™
02:29
Instead, it is the vocabulary of a charismatic young American
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02:33
that we still remember and use to this day.
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ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืืจื•ืคื”
02:37
Benjamin Franklin heard of the work going on in Europe,
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02:41
and started his own playful experiments.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:43
He quickly learned how to make electric devices
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
02:46
that would De-electrify by producing very large sparks.
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื“ืœื• ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืงืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
ื›ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข,
02:50
Keen on mischievous pranks,
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02:52
Franklin would often shock his friends with these machines.
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ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
02:55
As he built more effective devices,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:57
he likened the act of electrifying and De-electrifying
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ืœ
ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง.
03:01
to charging and discharging weaponry.
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ืœื ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:05
It didn't take long for Franklin and others to realize
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03:08
that it was possible to link these weapons of mischief together.
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ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื“ืก ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
03:12
Franklin, continuing with the metaphor,
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ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”
03:15
likened this grouping to cannons on a ship.
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ื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”.
ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
03:19
The gun deck on a military vessel
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03:21
fired their cannons simultaneously, in a battery.
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื”.
03:25
Similarly, this electric battery,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื–ื•
03:27
would discharge all at the same time,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคืจืงืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
03:30
causing large sparks.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:32
This new technology raised an interesting question:
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช:
03:35
Was a lightning cloud just a large electrical battery?
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ื”ืื ืขื ืŸ ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืกื•ืœืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
03:39
Franklin's description of all this was as follows:
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ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืชืืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื:
ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:43
he supposed that there is a substance
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03:45
he called the electrical fluid, that is common to all things.
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ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื "ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™", ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:49
If, say, a person rubs a glass tube,
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ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ื ืžืฉืคืฉืฃ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
03:52
this rubbing, or charging, causes a flow of this fluid,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ ื–ื•, ืื• ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ,
03:55
or an electrical current, to move from the person to the glass.
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ืื• ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
ื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื" ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”.
04:00
Both the person and the tube become electrics as a result.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
04:04
Normally, if the person was standing on the ground,
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04:06
their electrical fluid would return to normal,
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:09
with an exchange from the common stock of the Earth,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืื“ืžื”,
04:13
as Franklin called it.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื•.
04:14
Standing on something like a wax block can cut off this supply.
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ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืขื•ื•ื”
ืžื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืžื”ืžืื’ืจ.
ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื–ื”
04:19
Franklin said that an object with an excess of this fluid
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04:22
was positively charged,
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ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
04:24
and something lacking this fluid was negatively charged.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจ ืžื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:28
When objects touch, or are near each other,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
04:30
the electrical fluid can flow between them
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื
04:33
until they reach a balance.
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ืขื ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
04:35
The bigger the difference in the fluid between the two objects,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:38
the larger the distance the fluid can jump,
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ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื“ืจื›ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ "ืœืงืคื•ืฅ",
04:40
causing sparks in the air.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:42
And, it is the material of the object
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฅ
04:45
that determines if it gains or loses electrical fluid
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื• ื™ืื‘ื“ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
04:48
during charging.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื”.
04:50
These are Du Fay's two groups of electrics.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ืคืจื™ื™.
04:53
You might have heard the phrase:
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื,
04:55
"Opposite charges attract, like charges repel."
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ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื“ื—ื™ื."
04:58
That's why.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
05:00
For the next 150 years,
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ื‘ 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
05:02
Franklin's theory was used to develop
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
05:04
many more ideas and discoveries,
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ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
05:07
all using the vocabulary he invented.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื.
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
05:10
This scientific inquiry brought forth technological advances
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05:14
and eventually, scientists were able to take a closer look
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
05:17
at the electric fluid itself.
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ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
05:20
In 1897, J.J. Thomson, working in Cambridge, England,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897, ื’'ื™ ื’'ื™ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™
05:25
discovered that the electrical fluid is actually made up of small particles
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
05:30
named by the physicist George Stoney as "electrons."
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ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืงืจื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื˜ื•ื ื™
ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:34
And so we return to the ancient Greek word for amber,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืœืขื ื‘ืจ,
05:37
where our story began.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:39
However, there's an epilogue to this tale.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•.
05:42
It was discovered that these electrons flow
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื
05:45
in the opposite direction to what Franklin supposed.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ.
05:48
Therefore, objects that are positively charged
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ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
05:51
don't have an excess of electrical fluid,
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
05:54
they actually lack electrons.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:57
Yet, instead of relabeling everything the other way around,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื,
06:00
people have decided to hold on to Franklin's vocabulary
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ
06:04
as a matter of habit and convention.
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ืžื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช.
06:06
While acknowledging the discovery of electrons,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจ,
06:09
they kept Franklin's flow of electrical fluid,
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ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ,
06:12
renaming it: conventional current.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ "ื–ืจื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™."
06:15
The electron has become the salmon of electricity,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
ืฉื•ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืจืคืื™ื
06:19
swimming upstream in a ghostly river of conventional current.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
06:24
This can be, understandably, confusing for many people
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
06:28
who aren't familiar with the history of these ideas.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”,
06:31
And so I hope,
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06:32
with this short story about the electric vocabulary,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
06:35
you will be able to see
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”,
06:37
through the accident and whimsy of this subject
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:40
and can gain a clearer understanding
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of the physics of electrical phenomena.
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Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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