Why is ketchup so hard to pour? - George Zaidan

3,233,286 views ใƒป 2014-04-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:05
French fries are delicious.
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ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื–ื” ื˜ืขื™ื.
00:08
French fries with ketchup are a little slice of heaven.
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ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืขื ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื–ื” ืคื™ืกื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.
00:12
The problem is it's basically impossible
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
00:14
to pour the exactly right amount.
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ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:16
We're so used to pouring ketchup that we don't realize
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
00:19
how weird its behavior is.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
00:21
Imagine a ketchup bottle filled with a straight up solid like steel.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืžืœื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืง ื›ืžื• ืคืœื“ื”.
00:26
No amount of shaking would ever get the steel out.
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ืฉื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื ืชื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื“ื”.
00:29
Now imagine that same bottle full of a liquid like water.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื.
00:32
That would pour like a dream.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคืš ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื.
00:34
Ketchup, though, can't seem to make up its mind.
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ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
00:36
Is it is a solid? Or a liquid?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืง ืื• ื ื•ื–ืœ?
00:38
The answer is, it depends.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™.
00:41
The world's most common fluids like water, oils and alcohols
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื, ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
00:44
respond to force linearly.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
00:47
If you push on them twice as hard, they move twice as fast.
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ืื ืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
00:51
Sir Isaac Newton, of apple fame, first proposed this relationship,
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ืกืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:54
and so those fluids are called Newtonian fluids.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:57
Ketchup, though, is part of a merry band of linear rule breakers
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ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื
01:00
called Non-Newtonian fluids.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืœื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:03
Mayonnaise, toothpaste, blood, paint, peanut butter
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ืžื™ื•ื ื–, ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื, ืฆื‘ืข, ื—ืžืืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื
01:06
and lots of other fluids respond to force non-linearly.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
01:09
That is, their apparent thickness changes
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื”
01:11
depending on how hard you push, or how long, or how fast.
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ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืง ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ.
01:15
And ketchup is actually Non-Newtonian in two different ways.
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ื•ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:18
Way number one: the harder you push, the thinner ketchup seems to get.
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ื“ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:ื›ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื ืจืื” ื“ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:22
Below a certain pushing force,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
01:24
ketchup basically behaves like a solid.
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ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฆืง.
01:26
But once you pass that breaking point,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”,
01:29
it switches gears and becomes a thousand times thinner than it was before.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
01:33
Sound familiar right?
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ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:35
Way number two: if you push with a force below the threshold force
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ื“ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ืื ืืชื ืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืฃ ื”ื›ื•ื—
01:39
eventually, the ketchup will start to flow.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ื.
01:41
In this case, time, not force, is the key to releasing ketchup
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค
01:45
from its glassy prison.
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ืžื›ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:46
Alright, so, why does ketchup act all weird?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื–, ืœืžื” ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื–ืจ?
01:49
Well, it's made from tomatoes, pulverized, smashed, thrashed,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžืขื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžืจื•ืกืงื•ืช,
01:52
utterly destroyed tomatoes.
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ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืžื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:55
See these tiny particles?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:56
This is what remains of tomatoes cells
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืชืื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
01:58
after they go through the ketchup treatment.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค.
02:01
And the liquid around those particles?
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
02:02
That's mostly water and some vinegar, sugar, and spices.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ืžืฅ, ืกื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื.
02:05
When ketchup is just sitting around,
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ื›ืฉืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื›ื‘,
02:08
the tomato particles are evenly and randomly distributed.
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ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช.
02:11
Now, let's say you apply a weak force very quickly.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื—ืœืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
02:13
The particles bump into each other,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
02:15
but can't get out of each other's way,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:17
so the ketchup doesn't flow.
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ืื– ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืœื ื–ื•ืจื,
02:18
Now, let's say you apply a strong force very quickly.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื—ื–ืง ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
02:21
That extra force is enough to squish the tomato particles,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืขื•ืš ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื”,
02:24
so maybe instead of little spheres,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:25
they get smushed into little ellipses, and boom!
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ื”ื ื ืžืขื›ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืคืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื!
02:28
Now you have enough space for one group of particles
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
02:30
to get passed others and the ketchup flows.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื–ื•ืจื.
02:33
Now let's say you apply a very weak force but for a very long time.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“.
02:37
Turns out, we're not exactly sure what happens in this scenario.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
02:41
One possibility is that the tomato particles near the walls of the container
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ
02:45
slowly get bumped towards the middle,
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ื ื“ื—ืงื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืžืจื›ื–,
02:47
leaving the soup they were dissolved in,
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืžืกื•,
02:48
which remember is basically water,
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ืฉื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ื,
02:50
near the edges.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
02:51
That water serves as a lubricant betwen the glass bottle
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ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
02:54
and the center plug of ketchup,
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ื•ื”ืคืงืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค,
02:56
and so the ketchup flows.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื–ื•ืจื.
02:58
Another possibility is that the particles slowly rearrange themselves
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื˜
03:01
into lots of small groups, which then flow past each other.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืฉืื– ื–ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:05
Scientists who study fluid flows are still actively researching
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
03:08
how ketchup and its merry friends work.
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ืื™ืš ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:11
Ketchup basically gets thinner the harder you push,
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ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:13
but other substances, like oobleck or some natural peanut butters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื‘ืœืง ืื• ื›ืžื” ื—ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
03:16
actually get thicker the harder you push.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:19
Others can climb up rotating rods,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
03:21
or continue to pour themselves out of a beeker,
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ืื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžื–ื•ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
03:24
once you get them started.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื’ืจืžืชื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
03:26
From a physics perspective, though,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช,
03:27
ketchup is one of the more complicated mixtures out there.
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ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:30
And as if that weren't enough, the balance of ingredients
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ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
03:32
and the presence of natural thickeners like xanthan gum,
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืžื™ ืงืกื ืชื,
03:35
which is also found in many fruit drinks and milkshakes,
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ืฉื’ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืงื™ื,
03:37
can mean that two different ketchups
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:39
can behave completely differently.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:41
But most will show two telltale properties:
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืจืื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
03:44
sudden thinning at a threshold force,
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ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืฃ ื›ื•ื—,
03:46
and more gradual thinning after a small force
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ื•ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ
03:48
is applied for a long time.
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ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
03:50
And that means you could get ketchup out of the bottle in two ways:
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื:
03:53
either give it a series of long, slow languid shakes
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ืื• ืœืชืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
03:55
making sure you don't ever stop applying force,
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ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืฃ ืคืขื,
03:58
or you could hit the bottle once very, very hard.
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง.
04:02
What the real pros do is keep the lid on,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืงืง,
04:04
give the bottle a few short, sharp shakes
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ืœืชืช ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื
04:07
to wake up all those tomato particles,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:08
and then take the lid off
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื”
04:10
and do a nice controlled pour onto their heavenly fries.
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ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืšื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆ'ืคืกื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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