Is light a particle or a wave? - Colm Kelleher

1,658,357 views ใƒป 2013-01-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
You look down and see a yellow pencil lying on your desk.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:18
Your eyes, and then your brain, are collecting
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื, ืื•ืกืคื™ื
00:20
all sorts of information about the pencil:
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ:
00:23
its size,
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00:23
color,
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•,
ื”ืฆื‘ืข,
00:24
shape,
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00:24
distance,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื”,
ืžืจื—ืง,
00:25
and more.
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ื•ืขื•ื“.
00:26
But, how exactly does this happen?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
00:28
The ancient Greeks were the first
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:30
to think more or less scientifically
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช
00:31
about what light is and how vision works.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืจืื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
00:34
Some Greek philosophers,
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ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
00:35
including Plato and Pythagoras,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก,
00:37
thought that light originated in our eyes
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•
00:39
and that vision happened when little, invisible probes
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ื•ืฉืจืื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื
00:41
were sent to gather information about far-away objects.
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ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื.
00:44
It took over a thousand years
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื
00:46
before the Arab scientist, Alhazen,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืขืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™, ืืœื—ืกืŸ,
00:48
figured out that the old, Greek theory of light couldn't be right.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:52
In Alhazen's picture, your eyes don't send out
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื—ืกืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœื—ื•ืช
00:54
invisible, intelligence-gathering probes,
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ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข,
00:57
they simply collect the light that falls into them.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ.
01:00
Alhazen's theory accounts for a fact
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื—ืกืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
01:02
that the Greek's couldn't easily explain:
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช:
01:04
why it gets dark sometimes.
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ืœืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
01:06
The idea is that very few objects actually emit their own light.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:10
The special, light-emitting objects,
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ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืจ,
01:13
like the sun
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:14
or a lightbulb,
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01:14
are known as sources of light.
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ืื• ื ื•ืจื”,
ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
01:17
Most of the things we see,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
01:18
like that pencil on your desk,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:20
are simply reflecting light from a source
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืจ
01:22
rather than producing their own.
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ื•ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:24
So, when you look at your pencil,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ,
01:26
the light that hits your eye actually originated at the sun
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืžืงื•ืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉ
01:29
and has traveled millions of miles across empty space
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง
01:32
before bouncing off the pencil and into your eye,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื›ื,
01:35
which is pretty cool when you think about it.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:37
But, what exactly is the stuff that is emitted from the sun
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืงืจืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:40
and how do we see it?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
01:42
Is it a particle, like atoms,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืง, ื›ืžื• ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
01:43
or is it a wave, like ripples on the surface of a pond?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ื’ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืื“ื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”?
01:47
Scientists in the modern era would spend a couple of hundred years
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
01:50
figuring out the answer to this question.
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ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:52
Isaac Newton was one of the earliest.
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ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:54
Newton believed that light is made up
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™
01:56
of tiny, atom-like particles, which he called corpuscles.
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ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื, ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืงื•ืจืคื•ืกืœืก.
02:00
Using this assumption, he was able to explain some properties of light.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
02:03
For example, refraction,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื—ื–ืจื”,
02:05
which is how a beam of light appears to bend
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ืžืชืขืงืžืช
02:07
as it passes from air into water.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืื•ื™ืจ ืœืžื™ื.
02:09
But, in science, even geniuses sometimes get things wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
02:13
In the 19th century, long after Newton died,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืช,
02:16
scientists did a series of experiments
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
02:18
that clearly showed that light can't be made up
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™
02:21
of tiny, atom-like particles.
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ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:23
For one thing, two beams of light that cross paths
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
02:26
don't interact with each other at all.
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ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:29
If light were made of tiny, solid balls,
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ืื ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื,
02:31
then you would expect that some of the particles from Beam A
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืงืจืŸ ื,
02:34
would crash into some of the particles from Beam B.
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ื™ืชื ื’ืฉื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืงืจืŸ ื‘.
02:37
If that happened, the two particles involved in the collision
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
02:39
would bounce off in random directions.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืชื–ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
02:42
But, that doesn't happen.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
02:43
The beams of light pass right through each other
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ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
02:45
as you can check for yourself
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
02:46
with two laser pointers and some chalk dust.
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืกืžื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื•ืงืฆืช ืื‘ืง ื’ื™ืจ.
02:48
For another thing, light makes interference patterns.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ืช.
02:51
Interference patterns are the complicated undulations that happen
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
02:54
when two wave patterns occupy the same space.
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ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœ ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื.
02:57
They can be seen when two objects
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
02:59
disturb the surface of a still pond,
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ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื˜ื”,
03:01
and also when two point-like sources of light
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื
03:04
are placed near each other.
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ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:06
Only waves make interference patterns,
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ืจืง ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ืช,
03:08
particles don't.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื.
03:09
And, as a bonus, understanding that light acts like a wave
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ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก, ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื•ืจ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื’ืœ
03:12
leads naturally to an explanation of what color is
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ืฆื‘ืข
03:15
and why that pencil looks yellow.
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
03:17
So, it's settled then, light is a wave, right?
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ืื–, ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืื–, ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:21
Not so fast!
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ!
03:22
In the 20th century, scientists did experiments
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”20, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:25
that appear to show light acting like a particle.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืื•ืจ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
03:28
For instance, when you shine light on a metal,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชื›ืช,
03:31
the light transfers its energy to the atoms in the metal
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช
03:34
in discrete packets called quanta.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ืช.
03:37
But, we can't just forget about properties like interference, either.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืื‘ื›ื•ืช.
03:40
So these quanta of light aren't at all like
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื›ืžื•
03:43
the tiny, hard spheres Newton imagined.
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
03:45
This result, that light sometimes behaves like a particle
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืื•ืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
03:48
and sometimes behaves like a wave,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ื’ืœ,
03:51
led to a revolutionary new physics theory called
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช
03:53
quantum mechanics.
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ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:55
So, after all that, let's go back to the question,
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ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื”,
03:58
"What is light?"
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"ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ?"
04:00
Well, light isn't really like anything
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
04:02
we're used to dealing with in our everyday lives.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:04
Sometimes it behaves like a particle
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง
04:06
and other times it behaves like a wave,
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ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื’ืœ,
04:09
but it isn't exactly like either.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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