Who won the space race? - Jeff Steers

1,637,863 views ใƒป 2013-08-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: eviatar edlerman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
On October 4, 1957,
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ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1957
00:09
the world watched in awe and fear
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืคื—ื“
00:12
as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืืช ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง
00:15
the world's first man-made satellite,
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
00:17
into space.
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ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:19
This little metal ball,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:20
smaller than two feet in diameter,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ 0.6 ืžื˜ืจ,
00:23
launched a space race
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ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ
00:24
between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
00:27
that would last for eighteen years
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ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš 18 ืฉื ื™ื
00:29
and change the world as we know it.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:31
Sputnik was actually not the first piece
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ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืกืช
00:34
of human technology to enter space.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
00:36
That superlative goes to the V-2 rocket
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ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ V2
00:38
used by Germany in missile attacks
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ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืคื”
00:41
against Allied cities as a last-ditch effort
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
00:43
in the final years of World War II.
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ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
00:45
It wasn't very effective,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
00:47
but, at the end of the war,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื”,
00:48
both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. had captured
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ื’ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืชืคืกื•
00:51
the technology and the scientists that had developed it
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื”
00:54
and began using them for their own projects.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:57
And by August 1957,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957
00:59
the Soviet's successfully tested
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ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
01:01
the first intercontinental ballistic missile, the R-7,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื” R-7
01:05
the same rocket that would be used
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:06
to launch Sputnik two months later.
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ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:09
So, the scary thing about Sputnik
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:10
was not the orbiting ball itself,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•,
01:12
but the fact that the same technology
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ืืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:14
could be used to launch a nuclear warhead at any city.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ.
01:18
Not wanting to fall too far behind,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
01:20
President Eisenhower ordered the Navy
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื ื”ืื•ืืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™
01:22
to speed up its own project
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ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•
01:23
and launch a satellite as soon as possible.
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ื•ืœืฉื’ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
01:26
So, on December 6, 1957,
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ื•ื‘ 6 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1957,
01:29
excited people across the nation
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:31
tuned in to watch the live broadcast
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ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™
01:33
as the Vanguard TV3 satellite took off
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื’ืืจื“ TV3 ื”ืžืจื™ื
01:37
and crashed to the ground two seconds later.
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ื•ื”ืชืจืกืง ืœืงืจืงืข ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
01:40
The Vanguard failure was a huge embarassment
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ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืื ื’ืืจื“ ื™ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”
01:42
for the United States.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
01:44
Newspapers printed headlines like,
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื• ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ,
01:45
"Flopnik" and "Kaputnik."
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"ืคืœื•ืคื ื™ืง" ื• "ืงืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง".
01:47
And a Soviet delegate at the U.N. mockingly suggested
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ื•ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•"ื ื”ืฆื™ืข
01:50
that the U.S. should receive foreign aid
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ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืชืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
01:53
for developing nations.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
01:56
Fortunately, the Army had been working
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฆื‘ื ืขื‘ื“
01:58
on their own parallel project, The Explorer,
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ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”, ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ,
02:01
which was successfully launched in January 1958,
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ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958,
02:05
but the U.S. had barely managed to catch up
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ
02:07
before they were surpassed again
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘
02:09
as Yuri Gargarin became the first man in space
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ื’ืืจื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
02:12
in April 1961.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1961.
02:15
Almost a year passed
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ื—ืœืคื”
02:16
and several more Soviet astronauts
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ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
02:18
completed their missions
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ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ
02:19
before Project Mercury succeeded
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืจืงื•ืจื™
02:21
in making John Glenn the first American
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:24
in orbit in February 1962.
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ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1962.
02:31
By this time, President Kennedy had realized
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:33
that simply catching up
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ
02:34
to each Soviet advance a few months later
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ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื
02:37
wasn't going to cut it.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
02:38
The U.S. had to do something first,
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:41
and in May 1961, a month after Gargarin's flight,
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ื•ื‘ืžืื™ 1961, ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ื’ืืจื™ืŸ
02:44
he announced the goal
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื•
02:46
of putting a man on the moon
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
02:47
by the end of the 1960s.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
02:50
They succeeded in this through the Apollo program
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื•
02:52
with Neil Armstrong taking his famous step
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืœ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื
02:55
on July 20, 1969.
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ื‘ 20 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1969.
02:58
With both countries' next turning their attention
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:01
to orbital space stations,
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ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืœ,
03:02
there's no telling how much longer
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
03:04
the space race could have gone on.
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ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฉืš.
03:06
But because of improving relations
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
03:08
negotiated by Soviet Premier Leonid Breshnev
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ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืื•ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–'ื ื™ื™ื‘
03:11
and U.S. President Nixon,
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ,
03:13
the U.S.S.R. and U.S. moved toward cooperation
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
03:16
rather than competition.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
03:18
The successful joint mission,
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:19
known as Apollo-Soyuz,
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืืคื•ืœื• - ืกื•ื™ื•ื–,
03:21
in which an American Apollo spacecraft
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
03:23
docked with a Soviet Soyuz craft
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœื™ืช ืกื•ื™ื•ื– ืกื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ืช
03:25
and the two crews met,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื•,
03:27
shook hands,
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ืœื—ืฆื• ื™ื“ื™ื,
03:28
and exchanged gifts,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžืชื ื•ืช,
03:29
marked the end of the space race in 1975.
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ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ ื‘ 1975.
03:33
So, in the end, what was the point
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
03:34
of this whole space race?
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ?
03:36
Was it just a massive waste of time?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ?
03:38
Two major superpowers trying to outdo each other
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ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
03:41
by pursuing symbolic projects
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ืข"ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื
03:42
that were both dangerous and expensive,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“,
03:44
using resources that could have been
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื•
03:46
better spent elsewhere?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื?
03:48
Well, sure, sort of,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—, ื‘ืขืจืš,
03:50
but the biggest benefits of the space program
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ
03:52
had nothing to do with one country beating another.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:55
During the space race,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ,
03:56
funding for research and education, in general,
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ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
03:59
increased dramatically,
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ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
04:00
leading to many advances
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื
04:02
that may not have otherwise been made.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
04:04
Many NASA technologies developed for space
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืก"ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ
04:06
are now widely used in civilian life,
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื,
04:09
from memory foam in mattresses
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ืžืงืฆืฃ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื ื™ื
04:11
to freeze-dried food,
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ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื”ืงืคืื”,
04:12
to LEDs in cancer treatment.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘LED ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:15
And, of course, the satellites that we rely on
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
04:17
for our GPS and mobile phone signals
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ืื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ GPS
04:19
would not have been there
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื
04:20
without the space program.
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ืœืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:22
All of which goes to show
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
04:23
that the rewards of scientific research and advancement
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ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื”
04:26
are often far more vast
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ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:28
than even the people pursuing them can imagine.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืฆืคื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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