How do investors choose stocks? - Richard Coffin

944,046 views ใƒป 2020-11-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
Every day, billions of stocks are traded on the New York Stock Exchange alone.
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื‘ื“ื”.
00:11
But with over 43,000 companies listed on stock exchanges around the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 43,000 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
00:17
how do investors decide which stocks to buy?
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ืื™ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืœื• ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช?
00:21
To answer this question, itโ€™s important to first understand what stocks are,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
00:26
and what individuals and institutions hope to achieve by investing in them.
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ื•ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ืŸ.
00:31
Stocks are partial shares of ownership in a company.
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ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
00:35
So by buying a stock, investors buy a share in the companyโ€™s successโ€”
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ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” --
00:39
or failureโ€” as measured by the companyโ€™s profits.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ -- ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
00:43
A stockโ€™s price is determined by the number
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ
00:46
of buyers and sellers trading it;
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ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”;
00:48
if there are more buyers than sellers, the price will increase, and vice versa.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืขืœื”, ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
00:53
The market price of a share therefore represents
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื›ืŸ
00:56
what buyers and sellers believe the stock, and by association the company,
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:01
is worth.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
01:03
So the price can change dramatically
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
01:05
based on whether investors think the company has a high potential
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
01:08
for increasing profitabilityโ€” even if it isnโ€™t profitable yet.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช -- ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืช.
01:13
Investors aim to make money by purchasing stocks
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช
01:16
whose value will increase over time.
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ืฉื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:19
Some investors aim simply to grow their money at a faster rate
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:22
than inflation diminishes its value.
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ืžืฉื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื•.
01:25
Others have a goal of โ€œbeating the market,โ€
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง,"
01:28
which means growing their money at a faster rate
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:31
than the cumulative performance of all companiesโ€™ stocks.
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ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:35
This idea of โ€œbeating the marketโ€ is a source of debate among investorsโ€”
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ "ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง" ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื --
01:39
in fact, investors break into two main groups over it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”.
01:43
Active investors believe it is possible to beat the market
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืฉื•ืง
01:46
by strategically selecting specific stocks and timing their trades,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
01:51
while passive investors believe it isnโ€™t usually possible to beat the market,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง,
01:56
and donโ€™t subscribe to stock picking.
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ื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
01:59
The phrase โ€œbeating the marketโ€ usually refers to earning a return
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ืฉื•ืง" ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ
02:03
on an investment that exceeds the Standard & Poor 500 index.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื“ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจ 500.
02:08
The S&P 500 is a measure of the average performance
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ื” S&P 500 ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื
02:12
of 500 of the largest companies in the United States,
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ืฉืœ 500 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:15
weighted by company valuation,
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ืฉืžืฉื•ืงืœืœ ืขื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
02:18
meaning that companies with a higher market value
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืขืจืš ืฉื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:20
have a larger effect on the S&Pโ€”
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื” S&P --
02:23
again, market value corresponds to what investors
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืจืš ืฉื•ืง ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
02:26
believe a company is worth rather than actual profits.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:30
The S&P doesnโ€™t directly represent the market as a wholeโ€”
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ื” S&P ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื• --
02:34
many small and mid-range stocks can fluctuate according to different patterns.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:38
Still, itโ€™s a pretty good proxy for the overall market.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื—ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื›ืœืœื™.
02:42
Itโ€™s often said that
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืืžืจ
02:43
โ€œthe stock market behaves like a voting machine in the short term,
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ืฉ"ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
02:46
and a weighing machine in the long termโ€โ€”
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืงื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš" --
02:49
meaning short term fluctuations in stock prices reflect public opinion,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
02:54
but over the longer term, they do tend to actually reflect companiesโ€™ profits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉืงืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:01
Active investors aim to exploit the short term,
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
03:04
โ€œvoting machineโ€ aspect of the market.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›"ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”".
03:07
They believe the market contains inefficiencies:
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช:
03:09
that stock prices at any given point in time may overvalue some companies,
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ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืขืจืš ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:14
undervalue others, or fail to reflect developments that will impact the market.
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ืœืชืช ืชืช ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืงืฃ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
03:20
Active investors hope to exploit these inefficiencies by buying stocks
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช
03:24
they think are priced low.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ืžื—ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš.
03:26
To identify undervalued stocks,
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ื›ื™ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืžื—ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš,
03:29
they may investigate a companyโ€™s business operations,
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ื”ื ื™ื—ืงืจื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:32
analyze its financial statements, observe price trends, or use algorithms.
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ื™ื ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ืื• ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
03:38
Passive investors, by contrast,
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“,
03:41
put their faith in the long term โ€œweighing machineโ€ aspect of the market.
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ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืคืŸ "ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืœื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
03:45
They believe that even though markets may exhibit inefficiencies at any given point,
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
03:49
over time those inefficiencies balance outโ€”
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืชืื–ื ื• --
03:52
so if they buy a selection of stocks that represents a cross-section of the market,
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ืื– ืื ืชื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื ื™ืงื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
03:57
over time it will grow.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืœื•.
04:00
This is usually accomplished through index funds,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื“ื™ื,
04:03
collections of stocks that represent the broader market.
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ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื—ื‘.
04:06
The S&P 500 index is one of many indexes.
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ืžื“ื“ S&P 500 ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื“ื™ื.
04:10
The overall goal is the same for all index funds:
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื–ื”ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื:
04:14
to hold stocks for the long term and ignore short-term market fluctuations.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
04:19
Ultimately, active and passive investing arenโ€™t mutually exclusiveโ€”
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืืงืกืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช --
04:24
many investment strategies have elements of each,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ,
04:27
for example, choosing stocks actively but holding them for the long term
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
04:31
as passive investing advises.
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ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
04:34
Investing is far from an exact science:
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ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืžื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง:
04:36
if there was one foolproof method, everyone would be doing it.
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ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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