The battle of the Greek tragedies - Melanie Sirof

681,088 views ใƒป 2015-06-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
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ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
00:09
Let us welcome you to the final day of dramatic battle between great tragedians.
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ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืืชื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:14
It is a spring day here in Ancient Greece.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:17
Nearly 17,000 patrons are filing into the Theatre of Dionysus
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 17,000 ืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื•ืก
00:22
to watch top playwrights,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
00:23
including favorites Aeschylus and Sophocles duke it out
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ืžืชื ืฆื—ื™ื
00:27
to see whose hero may be deemed most tragic,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™,
00:31
whose story most awful.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืจืื™,
00:34
Well Seacrestopolis,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืกื™ืงืจืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก,
00:35
in last week's battle of the choruses,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืกืก,
00:37
all 50 members of each playwright's chorus traveled back and forth across the stage,
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ื›ืœ 50 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
00:41
singing the strophe and antistrophe, telling misbegotten tales of woe.
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ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ืฃ, ืกื™ืคืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ.
00:46
Today's first chorus is entering through the parados,
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ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืก,
00:48
taking their positions in the orchestra at the bottom of the stage.
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจืงืกื˜ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืžื”.
00:51
Mario Lopedokia, this is nothing we haven't seen before.
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ืžืจื™ื• ืœื•ืคื“ื•ืงื™ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
00:55
All 50 members speaking from the depths of their souls.
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ื›ืœ 50 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืง ื ืฉืžืชื.
00:59
Wait, what is this?
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ื—ื›ื•, ืžื” ื–ื”?
01:01
I've not seen this before, Seacrestopolis.
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืงืจืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก.
01:03
There is one actor stepping out of choral formation,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ืกืข ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืจืœื™,
01:07
assuming an independent role in this play.
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ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื–ื”.
01:10
Can you make out who it is?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื–ื”?
01:12
That looks like Thespis.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืช'ืคืกืคื™ืก.
01:14
It seems he's changing his mask,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืกื›ื”,
01:15
and taking on the role of another character.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:17
Incredible. Surely, Thespis will go down in history as the very first actor.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชืกืคื™ืก ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:24
He has changed the face of theater forever.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื“.
01:28
And that was just the warm-up act.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืงื˜ืข ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœื•.
01:30
On to the main attraction.
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ื•ื”ืœืื” ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.
01:32
Aeschylus will have the stage first.
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ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:35
Let's see what he does.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
01:37
We expect great things.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:38
Last competition, Sophocles beat him by a smidge,
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ื ื™ืฆื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™,
01:41
but Aeschylus is still considered the Father of Tragedy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
01:44
Now, Aeschylus frequently competes at this festival, the city Dionysia.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืชื—ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”.
01:47
Though his plays are violent,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื,
01:49
the bloodshed is never seen by the audience,
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ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
01:52
which allows the dramatic tension to take center stage.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชื— ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”.
01:55
Let's see what he does today to try to win his title back.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
01:57
Here comes Aeschylus's chorus,
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก,
01:59
but they seem to be missing quite a few people.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:02
What is going on here?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
02:04
Not only are they down a few people.
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:07
There are two actors taking center stage.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”.
02:11
This is absolutely unheard of.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืžืข.
02:14
He has build on Thespis's idea and added a second actor to the mix.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืกืคื™ืก ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœืžืขืจื›ื”.
02:19
Aeschylus is relying on the two individuals to tell the story.
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ืืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:25
The dialogue possible in tragedy now has taken precedence over the chorus.
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ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืฉืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืœืงื— ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก.
02:30
No wonder he drastically shrunk its size.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
02:32
This applause is well deserved.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
02:35
The crowd has hushed.
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืง.
02:37
Sophocles's actors and chorus
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ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก
02:39
are taking the stage for the play, "Oedipus Rex."
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืœืžื—ื–ื”, "ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืจืงืก."
02:42
As usual, the chorus is set up in the orchestra.
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ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืจื›ืกื˜ืจื”.
02:46
And what's this?
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื”?
02:48
Sophocles has added a third actor.
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ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
02:52
Will this one-upmanship never end?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืกืชื™ื™ื?
02:54
Three actors,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื,
02:56
and they are changing their masks to take on several different roles
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:00
as they weave the tale of Oedipus,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืก,
03:03
a nice fellow who kills his father and marries his mother.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื—ืžื“ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืœืื™ืžื•.
03:06
Kills his father and marries his mother.
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ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืœืื™ืžื•.
03:10
That sounds pretty tragic to me.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™.
03:11
It is most tragic, Mario Lopedokia.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ืจืื’ื™, ืžืจื™ื• ืœื•ืคื“ื•ืงื™ื”.
03:14
Call me crazy, but I'm willing to bet that future generations
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ืชืงืจืื• ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
03:18
will hold this play up as the perfect example of tragedy.
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ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
03:22
Excuse me, Seacrestopolis.
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ืชืกืœื— ืœื™, ืกื™ืงืจืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก.
03:24
Oedipus has left the stage after realizing Jocasta was his wife and also his mother.
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ืื•ื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’'ื•ืงืกื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื’ื ืื™ืžื•.
03:29
Where has he gone?
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ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš?
03:31
I can't even imagine.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
03:33
Wait. The messenger has stepped on stage
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ื—ื›ื•. ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”
03:36
and is telling us of the great king's actions.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:39
He says that Oedipus, upon finding his mother, wife, whatever, Jocasta,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื“ื™ืคื•ืก, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ืžื•, ืื™ืฉืชื•, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื’'ื•ืงืืกื˜ื”,
03:44
dead of her own hand in their incestuous bedroom,
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ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:47
took the broaches from her dress and stabbed his eyes repeatedly.
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ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื“ืงืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:51
You can't blame the guy, can you?
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:53
Bedded his mother, killed his father, is father and brother to his children.
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ืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ืื™ืžื•, ื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืื‘ ื•ืื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•.
03:58
I might do the same.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:00
My friend, I do believe we've seen it all.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ.
04:02
Indeed, we have.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืจืื™ื ื•.
04:04
There is nothing more tragic than Oedipus.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืžืื“ื™ืคื•ืก.
04:07
And sure enough, the judges who have been chosen by lot from all over Greece
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:11
are ready to announce the winner.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”.
04:14
Oh, folks! This is one for the history books.
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ืื•ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื”! ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:17
Dark horse playwright, Philocles, has taken first prize.
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืœื•ืงืœืก, ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:21
What an upset. What a tragedy.
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ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ืจื“ื”. ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
04:24
What a night, folks.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:26
We have witnessed the laying of the foundation of modern theater
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ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
04:29
and some great innovations:
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช:
04:32
the shrinking of the chorus,
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื•ืก,
04:33
the addition of three actors,
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ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื,
04:36
and such catharsis.
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ื•ืงื˜ืจื–ื™ืก ื›ื–ื” ื“ื’ื•ืœ.
04:37
Doesn't a great tragedy just make you feel renewed and cleansed?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื?
04:41
It sure does, but now we are out of time.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:44
I'm Seacrestopolis,
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ืื ื™ ืกื™ืงืจืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก,
04:45
and I'm Mario Lopedokia.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื™ื• ืœื•ืคื“ื•ืงื™ื”.
04:47
Peace, love and catharsis.
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ืฉืœื•ื, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ืก.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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