Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

291,960 views

2023-03-23 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

291,960 views ใƒป 2023-03-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
In this south Texas clearing,
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ื‘ืงืจื—ืช ื™ืขืจ ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื˜ืงืกืก,
00:08
an ancient tale that ties the members of four species together is unfurling.
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ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืงื•ืฉืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช.
00:14
The first involved is our soon-to-be queen leafcutter ant.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
00:19
The second is this fungus, a piece of which she scoops into her mouth pocket.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื”, ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ื™ืก ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื”.
00:24
The third are these tiny cockroaches, which nestle under her wings.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ื”ืžืงืงื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ื—ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื”.
00:30
And the fourth is the one that threatens them all.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
00:32
But itโ€™ll reveal itself later.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:35
In a flapping-wing frenzy, our ant takes to the sky.
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ื‘ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื ื•ืฃ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืคื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:38
This is the only chance sheโ€™ll have to mate,
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’,
00:41
so she stores as much sperm as she can from the males she meets in midair.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืื•ื’ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื–ืจืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:47
After dropping to the ground, she sheds her wings and begins digging.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืคื•ืจ.
00:52
She excavates a tunnel and a side chamber, then plugs the entrance,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื” ื•ืชื ืฆื“ื“ื™, ื•ืื– ืื•ื˜ืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”,
00:57
sealing herself in.
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ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:59
There, she regurgitates the fungus.
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ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื’ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื”.
01:02
This pile of puke will form the bedrock of her kingdom.
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ืขืจืžืช ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืกืœืข ืžืžืœื›ืชื”.
01:06
Over the following weeks,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
01:08
in between laying eggs and consuming the infertile ones,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืœื ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:11
she tends to her developing fungal garden,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืœื”,
01:14
fertilizing it with feces.
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ืžืคืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืฆื•ืื”.
01:17
Finally, her first offspring surge forth and establish a rhythm.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืืฆื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื•ืงืข ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘.
01:21
Soldiers guard the nest while foragers set off to find tender foliage.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœื™ื ืจื›ื™ื.
01:27
The larger foragers, equipped with powerful mandibles,
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ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
01:30
anchor themselves on leaves and chomp away in a wide arcs.
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ืžืขื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
01:35
Holding these pieces aloft,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช,
01:37
which can weigh more than eight times their body mass,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื“ ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืกืช ื’ื•ืคื,
01:40
the workers march back to the nest.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืŸ.
01:43
Meanwhile, the colonyโ€™s smallest ants clean the leaf fragments
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื
01:47
of debris and pathogens.
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ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืคื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื.
01:49
But the colony doesnโ€™t eat these morsels.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืœื ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:52
Instead, the ants use them to sustain their fungus,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:55
which, in turn, sustains the colony.
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ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”.
01:59
More than 10 million years ago, leafcutter ants domesticated fungus.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื ืžืœื™ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:04
Like many of our crops, the fungus they farm
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช
02:07
is genetically distinct from its wild relatives
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ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื
02:10
and can no longer survive without their help.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื”.
02:14
Reciprocally, the fungus provides the ants with an essential amino acid
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื ืžืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:19
and digestive enzymes theyโ€™ve lost.
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ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื•.
02:23
Once the workers return to the nest with their spoils,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืงืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืœ,
02:26
they crush up the leaves,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื,
02:27
making their offerings easier for the fungus to consume.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:31
Foragers work tirelessly over the following months.
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ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
02:34
They create thousands of trails, stretching hundreds of meters.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:39
All of them are perfumed with the antsโ€™ pheromones
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื
02:42
and constantly cleaned to function as efficient highways.
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ื•ืžื ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
02:46
Meanwhile, the queen lays thousands of eggs every day
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:50
and is tended to by members of her entourage,
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ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืžืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”,
02:53
which nourish her with the large, infertile eggs they lay.
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ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:56
Among enclosures containing garbage and growing larvae,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
03:00
workers tend fungal gardens in various chambers throughout the colony.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื”.
03:05
They prune bits of the fungus to stimulate growth
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
03:08
and strategically open and close surface tunnels,
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ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:12
controlling the humidity.
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช.
03:14
But ants aren't the only animals down here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
03:17
Tiny cockroaches like those that originally crept under the queenโ€™s wings
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ืžืงืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื—ืœื• ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”
03:23
feed opportunistically off the fungus.
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ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:26
Each could fit on the head of a Q-Tip.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืงื™ืกื ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
03:29
They hitch rides on soon-to-be queens,
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ื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื˜ืจืžืค ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“,
03:32
and make their way to more established colonies.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช.
03:35
Inside the leafcutter nest, theyโ€™re undercover:
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืŸ ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื:
03:38
closely mimicking the antsโ€™ signature scent,
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ืžื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื,
03:41
they frolic and feed in the fungal gardens,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืขืฉืขื™ื ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:44
mostly undetected.
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ืœื ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:46
And hereโ€™s where this taleโ€™s antagonist rears its virulent fruiting body:
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ื•ืคื” ื”ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืง ื”ืคืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื•:
03:52
our elusive fourth character is a parasitic micro-fungus called Escovopsis.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื˜ืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืกืงื•ื•ื•ืคืกื™ืก.
03:58
If left unchecked, it would destroy the fungal gardens and the ants
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ืื ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžืœื™ื
04:02
and the cockroaches that depend on them.
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ื•ื”ืžืงืงื™ื ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
04:05
The leafcutters mount a barrage of defenses.
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ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช.
04:08
They rigorously weed Escovopsis out
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืกืงื•ื•ื•ืคืกื™ืก
04:11
and partner up with different microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria
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ื•ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
04:17
to stunt its growth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”.
04:19
Eventually, the leafcutter colony covers several meters of underground tunnels,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ืžื›ืกื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืœื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช,
04:23
comprises millions of workers, and can defoliate a tree in a single night.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ืžืขืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“.
04:29
The queenโ€™s kingdom will persist as long as she does,
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ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช,
04:33
which may be over a decade.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจ.
04:35
Every spring, some of the queenโ€™s offspring prepare to leave.
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ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
04:39
They grab a piece of home and crowd the surface chambers,
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ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข,
04:42
preparing to fly off and mate, beginning the cycle anew.
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’, ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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