Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

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2023-03-23 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

301,939 views ใƒป 2023-03-23

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ด€์›… ๋ฌธ ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
In this south Texas clearing,
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๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์˜ ์ˆฒ ์† ๋นˆํ„ฐ์—,
00:08
an ancient tale that ties the members of four species together is unfurling.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋„ค ์ข…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜›๋‚  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŽผ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
The first involved is our soon-to-be queen leafcutter ant.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณง ์—ฌ์™•์ด ๋  ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
The second is this fungus, a piece of which she scoops into her mouth pocket.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ์™•์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ž… ๋ฌผ์–ด ์ž…์— ๋„ฃ์ฃ .
00:24
The third are these tiny cockroaches, which nestle under her wings.
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์…‹์งธ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And the fourth is the one that threatens them all.
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๋„ท์งธ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
But itโ€™ll reveal itself later.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
In a flapping-wing frenzy, our ant takes to the sky.
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ํž˜์ฐฌ ๋‚ ๊ฐฏ์ง“๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
This is the only chance sheโ€™ll have to mate,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ง์„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ผ์„œ
00:41
so she stores as much sperm as she can from the males she meets in midair.
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๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
After dropping to the ground, she sheds her wings and begins digging.
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๋•…์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•…์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
She excavates a tunnel and a side chamber, then plugs the entrance,
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๊ตด์„ ํŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:57
sealing herself in.
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00:59
There, she regurgitates the fungus.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
This pile of puke will form the bedrock of her kingdom.
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์ด ํ† ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Over the following weeks,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„,
01:08
in between laying eggs and consuming the infertile ones,
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์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ •๋ž€์„ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ,
01:11
she tends to her developing fungal garden,
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์—ฌ์™•์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ์ •์›์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
fertilizing it with feces.
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๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์€ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:17
Finally, her first offspring surge forth and establish a rhythm.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด, ์—ฌ์™•์˜ ์ฒซ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ , ๋ฐ•๋™์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Soldiers guard the nest while foragers set off to find tender foliage.
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๋ณ‘์ •๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ง‘์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋– ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
The larger foragers, equipped with powerful mandibles,
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ํ„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
01:30
anchor themselves on leaves and chomp away in a wide arcs.
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์žŽ ์œ„์— ๋ชธ์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํฐ ์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Holding these pieces aloft,
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์ฒด์ค‘์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์น˜์ผœ๋“ค๊ณ 
01:37
which can weigh more than eight times their body mass,
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01:40
the workers march back to the nest.
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์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Meanwhile, the colonyโ€™s smallest ants clean the leaf fragments
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•ด์„œ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์—†์• ์ฃ .
01:47
of debris and pathogens.
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01:49
But the colony doesnโ€™t eat these morsels.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
Instead, the ants use them to sustain their fungus,
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ .
01:55
which, in turn, sustains the colony.
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
More than 10 million years ago, leafcutter ants domesticated fungus.
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์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„๋„ ๋” ์ „์—, ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Like many of our crops, the fungus they farm
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š”
02:07
is genetically distinct from its wild relatives
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์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋™์ข…๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
02:10
and can no longer survive without their help.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Reciprocally, the fungus provides the ants with an essential amino acid
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
02:19
and digestive enzymes theyโ€™ve lost.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์†Œํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๋„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Once the workers return to the nest with their spoils,
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๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์žŽ์„ ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ์œผ๊นจ์„œ
02:26
they crush up the leaves,
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02:27
making their offerings easier for the fungus to consume.
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
Foragers work tirelessly over the following months.
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์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์‰ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
They create thousands of trails, stretching hundreds of meters.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
02:39
All of them are perfumed with the antsโ€™ pheromones
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์ทจ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ์ด ๋ฌป์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
02:42
and constantly cleaned to function as efficient highways.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Meanwhile, the queen lays thousands of eggs every day
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ํ•œํŽธ ์—ฌ์™•์€ ๋งค์ผ ์•Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
and is tended to by members of her entourage,
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰์›๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์™•์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ 
02:53
which nourish her with the large, infertile eggs they lay.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ณ์€ ํฐ ๋ฌด์ •๋ž€์„ ์—ฌ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์—ฌ ์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Among enclosures containing garbage and growing larvae,
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ถฉ์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋‘” ๋ฐฉ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
03:00
workers tend fungal gardens in various chambers throughout the colony.
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์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์™•๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋†์žฅ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
They prune bits of the fungus to stimulate growth
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์„œ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๋„๋ก ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:08
and strategically open and close surface tunnels,
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ์•„ ์Šต๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
controlling the humidity.
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03:14
But ants aren't the only animals down here.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•…์†์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
Tiny cockroaches like those that originally crept under the queenโ€™s wings
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์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์™• ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๋˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์ด
03:23
feed opportunistically off the fungus.
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๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Each could fit on the head of a Q-Tip.
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๋ฉด๋ด‰์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์†œ๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
03:29
They hitch rides on soon-to-be queens,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฌ์™• ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ
03:32
and make their way to more established colonies.
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๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Inside the leafcutter nest, theyโ€™re undercover:
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๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ˆจ์–ด ์ง€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
closely mimicking the antsโ€™ signature scent,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
03:41
they frolic and feed in the fungal gardens,
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด ์ •์›์—์„œ ๋†€๊ณ  ๋จน๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
mostly undetected.
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03:46
And hereโ€™s where this taleโ€™s antagonist rears its virulent fruiting body:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•…๋‹น์ด ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ž์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:52
our elusive fourth character is a parasitic micro-fungus called Escovopsis.
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์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท ์ธ ์—์Šค์ฝ”๋ด…์‹œ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
If left unchecked, it would destroy the fungal gardens and the ants
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์žก์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ์ •์›์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
์ด๋“ค์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
and the cockroaches that depend on them.
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04:05
The leafcutters mount a barrage of defenses.
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๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ€๋น„์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์„ธ์›Œ๋†จ์ฃ .
04:08
They rigorously weed Escovopsis out
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์—์Šค์ฝ”๋ด…์‹œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ 
04:11
and partner up with different microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria
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ํšจ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:17
to stunt its growth.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Eventually, the leafcutter colony covers several meters of underground tunnels,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์™•๊ตญ์€ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
04:23
comprises millions of workers, and can defoliate a tree in a single night.
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์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—์„œ ์žŽ์„ ๋‹ค ๋”ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
The queenโ€™s kingdom will persist as long as she does,
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์™•๊ตญ์€ ์—ฌ์™•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
which may be over a decade.
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์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
04:35
Every spring, some of the queenโ€™s offspring prepare to leave.
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๋งค๋…„ ๋ด„์ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ์™•์˜ ์ž์‹๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋– ๋‚  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
They grab a piece of home and crowd the surface chambers,
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์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ,
04:42
preparing to fly off and mate, beginning the cycle anew.
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๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋ผ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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