Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

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2023-03-23 ・ TED-Ed


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Puke, poop and tiny cockroaches: How the leafcutter ant queen runs her farm - Charles Wallace

259,972 views ・ 2023-03-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: κ΄€μ›… λ¬Έ κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In this south Texas clearing,
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남뢀 ν…μ‚¬μŠ€μ˜ 숲 속 λΉˆν„°μ—,
00:08
an ancient tale that ties the members of four species together is unfurling.
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ν•¨κ»˜ μ§€λ‚΄λŠ” 생물 λ„€ 쒅에 κ΄€ν•œ μ˜›λ‚  이야기가 νŽΌμ³μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
The first involved is our soon-to-be queen leafcutter ant.
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μ²«μ§ΈλŠ” 곧 여왕이 될 κ°€μœ„κ°œλ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
The second is this fungus, a piece of which she scoops into her mouth pocket.
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λ‘˜μ§ΈλŠ” μ§€κΈˆ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 곰팑이고, 여왕은 이λ₯Ό ν•œμž… λ¬Όμ–΄ μž…μ— λ„£μ£ .
00:24
The third are these tiny cockroaches, which nestle under her wings.
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μ…‹μ§ΈλŠ” 이 μž‘μ€ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ“€μΈλ°, 개미의 λ‚ κ°œ μ•„λž˜μ— 자리λ₯Ό μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
And the fourth is the one that threatens them all.
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λ„·μ§ΈλŠ” 이듀 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
But it’ll reveal itself later.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
In a flapping-wing frenzy, our ant takes to the sky.
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힘찬 날갯짓과 ν•¨κ»˜, κ°œλ―Έκ°€ ν•˜λŠ˜λ‘œ λ‚ μ•„μ˜€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
This is the only chance she’ll have to mate,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 짝을 λ§Œλ‚  μœ μΌν•œ κΈ°νšŒλΌμ„œ
00:41
so she stores as much sperm as she can from the males she meets in midair.
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κ³΅μ€‘μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ‚œ μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ—κ²Œμ„œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ μ •μžλ₯Ό λ°›μ•„ λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
After dropping to the ground, she sheds her wings and begins digging.
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땅에 λ‚΄λ €μ˜¨ λ‹€μŒ, κ°œλ―ΈλŠ” λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό 떼어버리고 땅을 파기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
She excavates a tunnel and a side chamber, then plugs the entrance,
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꡴을 판 λ‹€μŒ 방을 λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
μž…κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ§‰μ•„μ„œ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό 가둬버리죠.
00:57
sealing herself in.
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00:59
There, she regurgitates the fungus.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 곰팑이λ₯Ό λ±‰μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
This pile of puke will form the bedrock of her kingdom.
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이 토사물 무더기가 μ™•κ΅­μ˜ 기반이 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Over the following weeks,
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λ‹€μŒ λͺ‡ μ£Όκ°„,
01:08
in between laying eggs and consuming the infertile ones,
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μ•Œμ„ λ‚³κ³  λ¬΄μ •λž€μ„ λ¨Ήμ–΄μΉ˜μš°λ©΄μ„œ,
01:11
she tends to her developing fungal garden,
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여왕은 곰팑이 정원을 κ°€κΏ‰λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
fertilizing it with feces.
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배섀물은 λΉ„λ£Œκ°€ 되죠.
01:17
Finally, her first offspring surge forth and establish a rhythm.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄, μ—¬μ™•μ˜ 첫 μƒˆλΌλ“€μ΄ μŸμ•„μ Έ λ‚˜μ˜€κ³ , 박동이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Soldiers guard the nest while foragers set off to find tender foliage.
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λ³‘μ •κ°œλ―ΈλŠ” 집을 지킀고 μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ μ—°ν•œ λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ μ°Ύμ•„ λ– λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
The larger foragers, equipped with powerful mandibles,
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턱이 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 더 큰 μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€
01:30
anchor themselves on leaves and chomp away in a wide arcs.
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잎 μœ„μ— λͺΈμ„ κ³ μ •ν•œ λ‹€μŒ 큰 원을 그리며 μž˜λΌλƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Holding these pieces aloft,
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μ²΄μ€‘μ˜ μ—¬λŸ λ°°κ°€ λ„˜λŠ” λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽ 쑰각을 μΉ˜μΌœλ“€κ³ 
01:37
which can weigh more than eight times their body mass,
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01:40
the workers march back to the nest.
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μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ΄ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Meanwhile, the colony’s smallest ants clean the leaf fragments
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€
λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ μ²­μ†Œν•΄μ„œ μ°ŒκΊΌκΈ°μ™€ 병원균을 μ—†μ• μ£ .
01:47
of debris and pathogens.
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01:49
But the colony doesn’t eat these morsels.
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그런데 κ°œλ―ΈλŠ” λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ 먹지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Instead, the ants use them to sustain their fungus,
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λŒ€μ‹ , κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 곰팑이λ₯Ό κΈ°λ₯΄λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ£ .
01:55
which, in turn, sustains the colony.
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ„ λ¨Ήμ—¬ μ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
More than 10 million years ago, leafcutter ants domesticated fungus.
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천만 년도 더 전에, κ°€μœ„κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ 곰팑이λ₯Ό κΈΈλ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Like many of our crops, the fungus they farm
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인간이 ν‚€μš°λŠ” μž‘λ¬Όλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ, κ°œλ―Έκ°€ κΈ°λ₯΄λŠ” κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λŠ”
02:07
is genetically distinct from its wild relatives
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μ•Όμƒμ˜ λ™μ’…κ³ΌλŠ” μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯΄κ³ 
02:10
and can no longer survive without their help.
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κ°œλ―Έκ°€ μ—†μœΌλ©΄ 더 이상 μ‚΄ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Reciprocally, the fungus provides the ants with an essential amino acid
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λ˜ν•œ κ³°νŒ‘μ΄λŠ” κ°œλ―Έμ—κ²Œ ν•„μˆ˜ 아미노산을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
02:19
and digestive enzymes they’ve lost.
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κ°œλ―Έμ—κ²Œμ„œ 사라진 μ†Œν™” νš¨μ†Œλ„ κ³΅κΈ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
Once the workers return to the nest with their spoils,
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λ‚˜λ­‡μžŽμ„ λ“€κ³  μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜€λ©΄ κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ μžŽμ„ 잘게 μœΌκΉ¨μ„œ
02:26
they crush up the leaves,
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02:27
making their offerings easier for the fungus to consume.
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κ³°νŒ‘μ΄κ°€ 이λ₯Ό 더 μ‰½κ²Œ ν‘μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Foragers work tirelessly over the following months.
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μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ 이후 λͺ‡ 달 λ™μ•ˆ 쉬지 μ•Šκ³  μΌν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
They create thousands of trails, stretching hundreds of meters.
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이듀은 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 자취λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”λ°, 길이가 수백 미터에 λ‹¬ν•˜μ£ .
02:39
All of them are perfumed with the ants’ pheromones
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λͺ¨λ“  μžμ·¨λ“€μ—λŠ” 개미의 페둜λͺ¬μ΄ λ¬»μ–΄μžˆκ³ 
02:42
and constantly cleaned to function as efficient highways.
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κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ²­μ†Œλ₯Ό ν•΄μ„œ 효율적인 κ³ μ†λ„λ‘œκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Meanwhile, the queen lays thousands of eggs every day
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ν•œνŽΈ 여왕은 맀일 μ•Œμ„ 수천 κ°œμ”© λ‚³μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
and is tended to by members of her entourage,
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μˆ˜ν–‰μ›λ“€μ€ 여왕을 보살피고
02:53
which nourish her with the large, infertile eggs they lay.
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그듀이 낳은 큰 λ¬΄μ •λž€μ„ μ—¬μ™•μ—κ²Œ λ¨Ήμ—¬ 양뢄을 κ³΅κΈ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Among enclosures containing garbage and growing larvae,
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μ“°λ ˆκΈ°λ‚˜ μœ μΆ©μ„ λͺ¨μ•„λ‘” λ°©λ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ
03:00
workers tend fungal gardens in various chambers throughout the colony.
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μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ΄ μ™•κ΅­ 곳곳에 μžˆλŠ” 곰팑이 농μž₯을 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
They prune bits of the fungus to stimulate growth
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그듀은 곰팑이λ₯Ό 쑰금 μž˜λΌλ‚΄μ„œ 더 빨리 μžλΌλ„λ‘ μžκ·Ήν•˜κ³ ,
03:08
and strategically open and close surface tunnels,
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ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 터널을 μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μ—΄κ³  λ‹«μ•„ μŠ΅λ„λ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
controlling the humidity.
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03:14
But ants aren't the only animals down here.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 땅속에 μ‚¬λŠ” 것은 κ°œλ―Έλ“€λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Tiny cockroaches like those that originally crept under the queen’s wings
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μ›λž˜λŠ” μ—¬μ™• 개미의 λ‚ κ°œ λ°‘μ—μ„œ μ›€μ§μ΄λ˜ μž‘μ€ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ“€μ΄
03:23
feed opportunistically off the fungus.
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기회λ₯Ό μ‚΄ν”Όλ‹€κ°€ 곰팑이λ₯Ό λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Each could fit on the head of a Q-Tip.
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면봉에 μžˆλŠ” μ†œλ§Œν•œ 크기죠.
03:29
They hitch rides on soon-to-be queens,
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이듀은 미래의 μ—¬μ™• κ°œλ―Έμ— λ‹¬λΌλΆ™μ–΄μ„œ
03:32
and make their way to more established colonies.
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더 μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ 왕ꡭ을 μ°Ύμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
Inside the leafcutter nest, they’re undercover:
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κ°€μœ„κ°œλ―Έμ˜ λ‘₯지 μ•ˆμ—μ„œλŠ” λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ“€μ€ μˆ¨μ–΄ μ§€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
closely mimicking the ants’ signature scent,
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κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ˜ νŠΉμ΄ν•œ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό μ•„μ£Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ ν‰λ‚΄λ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ
03:41
they frolic and feed in the fungal gardens,
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곰팑이 μ •μ›μ—μ„œ 놀고 λ¨ΉλŠ”λ° λŒ€κ°œλŠ” 듀킀지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
mostly undetected.
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03:46
And here’s where this tale’s antagonist rears its virulent fruiting body:
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그리고 μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” 이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 악당이 치λͺ…적인 μžμ‹€μ²΄λ₯Ό ν‚€μš°κ³  있죠.
03:52
our elusive fourth character is a parasitic micro-fungus called Escovopsis.
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잘 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 였늘의 λ„€ 번째 생물은
기생 곰팑이균인 μ—μŠ€μ½”λ΄…μ‹œμŠ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
If left unchecked, it would destroy the fungal gardens and the ants
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μž‘μ•„λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄ 곰팑이 정원을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  것이고
이듀에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” κ°œλ―Έμ™€ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ“€λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
and the cockroaches that depend on them.
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04:05
The leafcutters mount a barrage of defenses.
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κ°€μœ„κ°œλ―Έλ“€λ„ λŒ€λΉ„μ±…λ“€μ„ μ„Έμ›Œλ†¨μ£ .
04:08
They rigorously weed Escovopsis out
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μ—μŠ€μ½”λ΄…μ‹œμŠ€λ₯Ό μ² μ €νžˆ μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³ 
04:11
and partner up with different microorganisms like yeasts and bacteria
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효λͺ¨λ‚˜ μ„Έκ·  같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 미생물듀과 ν˜‘λ™ν•˜μ—¬
04:17
to stunt its growth.
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 λ§‰μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Eventually, the leafcutter colony covers several meters of underground tunnels,
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ κ°€μœ„κ°œλ―Έ 왕ꡭ은 수 λ―Έν„°μ§œλ¦¬ μ§€ν•˜ 터널이 되고
04:23
comprises millions of workers, and can defoliate a tree in a single night.
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일개미 수백만 λ§ˆλ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ
ν•˜λ£»λ°€ 사이에 λ‚˜λ¬΄ ν•œ κ·Έλ£¨μ—μ„œ μžŽμ„ λ‹€ λ”Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
The queen’s kingdom will persist as long as she does,
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왕ꡭ은 여왕이 μžˆλŠ” ν•œ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μœ μ§€λ  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
which may be over a decade.
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μ‹­ λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œλ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
04:35
Every spring, some of the queen’s offspring prepare to leave.
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맀년 봄이면 μ—¬μ™•μ˜ μžμ‹λ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ– λ‚  μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
They grab a piece of home and crowd the surface chambers,
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μ§‘μ—μ„œ 곰팑이λ₯Ό 쑰금 집어듀고 μ§€ν‘œλ‘œ λͺ°λ €λ“  λ‹€μŒ,
04:42
preparing to fly off and mate, beginning the cycle anew.
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λ‚ μ•„μ˜¬λΌ 짝짓기할 μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©° μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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